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AY BMSc Lectures > Rami article > Flashcards

Rami article Flashcards

1
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

The study of the normal mechanics (kinetics and kinematics) in the musculoskeletal system by analysing their effects on anatomical structures

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2
Q

What are the important mechanical structures of the foot?

A 
The bony skeleton(provides rigidity and lever arm mechanism required to maintain balance during standing and facilitate propulsion)
The joints (confer flexibility) 
The muscles and tendons (control foot movement)
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3
Q

What is the function of the bony skeleton (together with the ligaments and arches) in the foot?

A

Provides relative rigidity and the essential lever arm mechanism required to maintain balance during standing and facilitate propulsion

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4
Q

How many bones are there in the foot?

A

26 bones:

  • 7 tarsals
  • 5 metatarsals
  • 14 phalanges
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5
Q

How many joints are there in the foot?

A

6 (ankle, subtalar, midtarsal, tarsometatarsal , metatarsophalangeal [MTP] and inter-phalangeal [IP] joints)

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6
Q

What are the 4 sections of the foot?

A

Hindfoot
Midfoot
Forefoot
Phalanges

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7
Q

What 2 bones make up the hindfoot?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

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8
Q

What are the 3 parts of the talus?

A

Body
Neck
Head

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the talus?

A

To transmit reactive forces from the foot through the ankle joint to the leg

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10
Q

Where is the talus situated anatomically?

A

Between calcaneus and tibia

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11
Q

What is the largest bone in the foot?

A

Calcaneus

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the calcaneus?

A

Provides lever arm for the insertion of the Achilles tendon

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13
Q

What does the Achilles tendon do?

A

One of the largest and strongest tendons in the body

through Achilles tendon gastroc and soleus impart powerful plantarflexion forces to the foot

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14
Q

Why is the calcaneus able to withstand high tensile, bending and compressive forces on a regular basis without damage?

A

Due to the height, width and structure of the ACHILLES TENDON

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15
Q

What structure make up the midfoot?

A

Navicular
Cuboid
3 cunieforms

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16
Q

Which bone is the keystone at the top of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Navicular

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17
Q

Where is the navicular sited anatomically?

A

Medial to the cuboid

Articulates with head of the talus anteriorly

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18
Q

Where is the cuboid sited anatomically?

A

Articulates with the calcaneus proximally

4th and 5th metatarsals distally

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19
Q

Describe the shape of the cunieforms

A

Convexly shaped on broad dorsal aspect

Plantar surface is concave and wedge shaped so the apex of each bone points anteriorly

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20
Q

What do the cunieforms articulate with distally?

A

1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsals

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21
Q

Which metatarsal is the shortest and widest?

A

1st

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22
Q

What does the second metatarsal articulate with?

A

Intermediate cunieform as well as medial and lateral cunieforms in key-like fashion

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23
Q

Why does the fifth metatarsal have a prominent styloid, laterally and proximally at its base

A

Insertion of the peroneus brevis

24
Q

What is a common cause of an avulsion fracture of the styloid of the fifth metatarsal?

A

When the foot is inverted against the contracting peroneus brevis muscle

25
Q

Why are the proximal and middle phalanges trochlear shaped?

A

Stability

26
Q

What is adduction of the foot?

A

When its distal aspect is angulated towards the midline

27
Q

What is abduction of the foot?

A

When the distal aspect is angulated away from the midline

28
Q

Which plane describes abduction/adduction?

A

Transverse plane

29
Q

Which plane describes plantar/dorsiflexion?

A

Sagittal plane

30
Q

Which plane describes inversion/eversion?

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

31
Q

which 3 joints in the foot have 2 degrees of freedom?

A

Midtarsal
MTP
IP

32
Q

What articulation makes up the ankle joint?

A

Distal tibia and body of the talus

33
Q

What is the minimum range of ankle joint motion needed for normal locomtion?

A

10 degrees dorsiflexion

20 degrees plantarflexion

34
Q

Why is the ankle joint a bit unstable in plantarflexion?

A

Has slight movement in the transverse plane during plantarflexion

35
Q

Where does the axis of motion of the subtalar joint pass?

A

42 degrees from transverse plane

16 degrees from the sagittal plane

36
Q

What plane is resultant motion in the subtalar joint in?

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

37
Q

What 2 joints form the midtarsal joint?

A

Talonavicular

Calcaneocuboid

38
Q

What are the 2 axes of motion of the midtarsal joint?

A 
Oblique axis (talonavicular joint) 
Longitudinal axis (calcaneocuboid joint)
39
Q

What motion does the midtarsal joint allow?

A

Supination and pronation of the forefoot

40
Q

What motion is possible at the MTP joint?

A

Up to 90 degrees extension

Only a few degrees of flexion

41
Q

What comprises the medial arch?

A 
Calcaneus 
Talus 
Navicular 
3 cunieforms 
3 metatarsals
42
Q

What are the pillars of the medial arch?

A

Tuberosity of the calcaneous (posteriorly)

Heads of the medial 3 metatarsal bones (anteriorly)

43
Q

What comprises the lateral arch?

A

Caclaneus
Cuboid
Lateral 2 metatarsal bones

44
Q

Which arch is more flexible?

A

MA

45
Q

Where do the extrinsic muscles of the foot arise from?

A

Lower leg

46
Q

Where do the intrinsic muscles of the foot arise from?

A

Within the foot itself

47
Q

What is kinematics?

A

Measurement of motion irrespective of the forces involve using cine/cameras to observe the inter-segmental relationship of the trunk and limbs

48
Q

WHat is kinetics>

A

The study of forces associated with motion using force plates, pressure platoforms and/or inshoe sensors providing a direct description/orientation of foot posture

49
Q

What is one full gait cycle?

A

Time interval between 2 consecutive heel strikes of the same foot on the ground

50
Q

What is the stride time?

A

The time interval between 2 consecutive heels strikes of the same foot

51
Q

What are the stages of GC? (For the right side)

A 
Heel strike 
Forefoot loading 
Midstance
Heel off
Toe off
52
Q

On average what percentage of the gait cycle are stance and swing phase?

A

Stance phase = 60%

Swing phase = 40%

53
Q

What 2 factors about gait make it measurable?

A

Cyclable

Repeatable

54
Q

How many degrees of freedom do pin joints have in rigid body modelling?

A

3 degrees of freedom

55
Q

What is an internal moment a measure of?

A

What muscles are doing to combat GRF

AY BMSc Lectures (8 decks)

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