2014 Unit 1 Flashcards
Describe how phospholipids are arranged in a plasma membrane
- Bilayer
- Hydrophobic/ fatty acid/ lipid tails to inside
- Polar/ phosphate group/ hydrophilic head to outside
Cells that secrete enzymes contain a lot of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and a
large Golgi apparatus.
Describe how the RER is involved in the production of enzymes.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes
* To make a protein (which is an enzyme)
Describe how the Golgi apparatus is involved in the secretion of enzymes
- Golgi Apparatus modifies proteins
- Golgi Apparatus packages/ puts into Golgi vesicles
- Transport to cell surface/ vacuole
Give two risk factors associated with coronary heart disease.
- Smoking
- High (blood) cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Obesity
- Gender
- Age
- Genes
During a myocardial infarction, areas of heart muscle begin to die.
Explain why.
- Reduced blood flow in coronary artery/ coronary artery blocked
- Less/no oxygen
- Respiration drops/stops (so cells begin to die)
Describe how bacteria are destroyed by phagocytes.
- Phagocyte engulfs to form phagosome
- Lysosome empties contents into phagosome
- Releasing enzymes that digest/hydrolyse bacteria
Give two structures a bacterial cell may have that a white blood cell does not have
- Cell wall
- Capsule layer
- Circular DNA
- DNA without histones
- Flagellum
- Plasmid
Give two structures in the epithelial cells in the small intestine that are adaptations that make it possible for the rapid absorption of glucose
- Microvilli
- Mitochondria
- Vesicles
Microvilli/Mitochondria/ Vesicles, explain how it is an adaptation to make possible the rapid absorption of glucose in small intestine.
- Microvilli increase surface area for transport proteins/ for diffusion)
- Mitochondria to supply ATP/ energy for active transport/ co-transport
- Vesicles to bring carrier proteins to membrane
The absorption of glucose into the cell leads to the movement of water into the cell.
Explain how
- Lowers water potential of the cell
* Water moves in by osmosis
Explain how the pressure in the dog’s ventricle is
related to blood flow into the aorta.
- Ventricle pressure rises then blood starts to flow into aorta
- Because pressure above that in aorta causes semi-lunar valve to open/ pressure below that in aorta causes semi-lunar valve to be shut
- Ventricle pressure starts to fall so blood flow falls
Explain how the pressure in the dog’s ventricle is
related to the thickness of the ventricle wall
- Thickness of wall increases because ventricle wall contracts
- Contraction causes an increase in pressure
Use your knowledge of digestion to suggest how the addition of the inhibitor could lead
to a lower blood glucose concentration.
- Fewer enzyme-substrate complexes formed
- (With inhibitor) less/no starch digest to maltose
- So less glucose from maltose
- So less absorption of glucose
People given whole-cell vaccines were more likely to develop harmful side effects than
the people given the vaccines containing parts of the bacterial cells. Explain why
Whole Cell Vaccines
• Some might still be alive/active
• If so bacteria could reproduce
• Bacteria or toxins attacking/ killing person’s cells
People given whole-cell vaccines produced a greater range of antibodies against the
bacterium than the people given the vaccines containing parts of the bacterial cells
Whole Cell Vaccines
• Contains many different/ greater range of antigens
• Each antigen causes its own immune response
