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RUSVM LAM I > Fluid Therapy 2 > Flashcards

Fluid Therapy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the recommended target fluid amount in 24 hrs?

A

80% within first 24 hrs

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2
Q

What is the formula for fluid replacement?

A

% dehydration X BW (kg)= liters of fluid

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3
Q

Concurrent losses should be added to what aspect of fluid replacement calculation?

A

Should be added to other losses/maintenance instead of immediate fluid replacement amount

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4
Q

What is the typical fluid rate in equine?

A

10-20 ml/kg/hr (5-10 L/hr)

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5
Q

What size catheter is recommended in a severely dehydrated patient?

A

10-12 G

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6
Q

What size catheter is recommended in a moderately dehydrated patient?

A

12-14 G

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7
Q

What size catheter is recommended in a miniature horse and weanlings with moderate dehydration?

A

14-16 G

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8
Q

Define resuscitation

A

Replace estimated deficits rapidly within 1-2 hrs

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9
Q

What is the rate that should be administered to a neonate in septic shock?

A

20 ml/kg over 10-20 minutes

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10
Q

What is the maintenance fluid rate?

A

50-60 ml/Kg/day

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11
Q

What is a situation where we would want to overhydrate the equine patient?

A

impaction, liquefaction of respiratory secretions

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12
Q

What is the main source of K in a equine patient?

A

daily diet- ingest high quantity-excrete high quantities

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13
Q

What do you see in terms of potassium when a horse is anorexic or in a state of colic?

A

Total body depletion of K

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14
Q

Hypokalemia in horses is associated with what?

A

Alkalosis, decreased intake, sequestration loss, elevated plasma insulin

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15
Q

What are the clinical effects of hypokalemia?

A

Arrhythmias, weakness, decreased intestinal motility

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16
Q

What could cause hyperkalemia?

A

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, acidosis, uroabdomen, acute oliguric renal failure

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17
Q

What is the rate of IV administration for K?

A

0.5 mEq/kg/hr

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18
Q

Calcium is highly bound to what?

A

Proteins-mostly albumin

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19
Q

What form of Ca are we most concerned about?

A

Ionized calcium

20
Q

T/F: Decreased in proteins can cause a decrease in total calcium while ionized calcium remains constant

A

TRUE

21
Q

What is seen in terms of Ca levels in an anorexic horse?

A

Total body depletion of Ca

22
Q

What is a major contributor to the development of synchronous diaphragmatic flutter?

A

Hypocalcemia

23
Q

SDF is associated with hyperresponsiveness of what nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve

24
Q

What are other disturbances seen with SDF?

A

Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis along with hypocalcemia

25
Q

What is the classic patient scenario of a horse with SDF?

A

endurance horse

26
Q

What are the clinical effects seen with hypocalcemia?

A

Muscle paresis, tremors, excitability, cramping, behavior changes, decreased myocardial contractility, hypotension

27
Q

What patients will you see hypercalcemia in?

A

Renal failure patients- chronic and oliguric acute renal failure

28
Q

If Ca supplementation is given too rapidly what is our main concern?

A

cardiotoxic effects- bradycardia

29
Q

What do sodium values represent?

A

water balance of the patient

30
Q

What is the most significant clinical sign seen with sodium imbalance?

A

Neurologic signs

31
Q

Define the following:
Hypertonic fluid loss
Hypotonic fluid loss
Isotonic fluid loss

A

Hypertonic loss: loss of electrolytes in excess of water
Hypotonic loss: loss of water in excess of electrolytes
Isotonic loss: loss of electrolytes in same ratio as serum

32
Q

What is the normal type of dehydration seen in exercise horses and what is seen if excessive dehydration is sustained?

A

Isotonic losses typically

Sweat becomes hypertonic after a point of dehydration met

33
Q

How should you treat acute sodium disturbances?

A

rapid restoration to normal Na status recommended

34
Q

If an animal has chronic sodium disturbances with CS how would you correct this?

A

correct slowly over days to one week to bring to normal

35
Q

If an animal has chronic sodium disturbances with no CS how would you correct this?

A

Likely patient is still within compensated range and therapy should be undertaken to slowly restore serum/Na values over a week

36
Q

What happens if there is rapid restoration of chronic hypernatremia?

A

Increase CNS intracellular volume significantly resulting in brain edema leading to herniation, permanent neurologic deficits and lysis of myelin

37
Q

What is the standard method of acid base interpretation?

A

Carbinocentric model

38
Q

What is the treatment of metabolic acidosis?

A

alkalinizing solution-typically lactate

can undergo cystosolic gluconeogenesis in liver and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in liver

39
Q

What is the most common cause of lactic acidosis?

A

Tissue hypoxia

40
Q

At what point should you administer bicarbonate solution to treat acidosis?

A

17-18 mEq/L

41
Q

What factors of bicarbonate distribution would you use for a conservative, typical and younger animal?

A

conservative: 0.3
typical: 0.4
younger: 0.5

42
Q

How should bicarbonate be administered if it were to be used?

A

Traditionally half of deficit given over 60 minutes as isotonic solution

43
Q

What is a major contraindication to administration of bicarbonate?

A

Presence of respiratory compromise-hypoventilation

44
Q

What is a situation where metabolic alkalosis occurs?

A

Endurance racing-sweat losses or high GIT disease

45
Q

Endurance horses typically show a loss in what electrolytes?

A

Na & Cl resulting in retention of HCO3 and metabolic alkalosis

RUSVM LAM I (9 decks)

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