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RUSVM LAM I > Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the athletic ability of a horse best measured by?

A

VO2max= HR X SV X (a-v)O2

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2
Q

What is the VO2max comparison of a horse to a cow?

A

2.5 times that of a cow

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3
Q

T/F: The HR, SV, and CO are all similar in equine and bovine?

A

FALSE- HR similar but SV and CO greater in equine

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4
Q

What is the at rest vs. end of race HR of a horse?

A

At rest: 26-44

End of race: 180-250

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5
Q

What % of body weight is contributed to muscle in equine?

A

50%

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6
Q

What two components of muscle are higher in the horse?

A

Higher concentration of glycogen and increased number of mitochondria- more aerobic work

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7
Q

What three factors allow for high aerobic exercise capacity?

A
  1. capacity for huge increase in O2 delivery to muscles
  2. increase RBC numbers
  3. reach greater O2 extraction than other species
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8
Q

How is energy supplied in initial exercise?

A

use of stored energy- ATP, PCr, and ADP-myokinase

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9
Q

What pathway generates a tremendous amount of ATP but is only sustained for a few seconds?

A

Phosphocreatine Pathway- used in initial seconds allowing anaerobic pathway to come up to speed

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10
Q

Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur in respect to the mitochondria?

A

External to the mitochondria-cytoplasm

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11
Q

When is anaerobic glycolysis used?

A

Submaximal activity producing lactate and ATP

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12
Q

What is the best use of the anaerobic glycolysis pathway?

A

supplement to aerobic pathway during specific segments of exercise bouts

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13
Q

Where do aerobic pathways occur?

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

How much more ATP does FFA create?

A

3X more amount of ATP

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15
Q

What percentage of energy comes from aerobic metabolism in sprinting horses?

A

70-80%

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16
Q

Low intensity exercise is mostly what type of energy pathway?

A

mostly aerobic

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17
Q

At 20-30% glycogen use, the body switches to what for energy sources?

A

fat as substrate

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18
Q

What are the three forms of muscle fibers?

A

Type I, Type IIA, Type IIX

19
Q

Which fiber has slow hydrolysis of ATP, low glycogen content, high capillary number, high oxidative capacity, seen in forelimbs and fatigue slowly?

A

Type I

20
Q

Which fiber generates force rapidly, has large number of capillaries/mitochondria and sustain high power for prolonged periods and is seen in the hindlimb muscles?

A

Type IIA

21
Q

Which fiber generates force rapidly, high power/limited duration and 3X faster than IIA and is seen in the hindlimb muscles?

A

Type IIX

22
Q

What is the predictable pattern of muscle fiber usage?

A

Type I –> IIA –> IIAX –>IIX

23
Q

What muscle fiber is only recruited near maximal intensity?

A

Type IIX

24
Q

Fatigue in aerobic metabolism is associated with what?

A

Glycogen depletion-occurs first in type I fibers

25
Q

Fatigue in anaerobic metabolism is correlated to what fiber type?

A

Type II

26
Q

How is the circulating red cell volume increased in turn increasing oxygen carrying capacity?

A

Splenocontraction

27
Q

Splenocontraction not only increases oxygen carrying capacity and RBC but also increases what else?

A

SV and MAP

28
Q

What can occur in the vessels of a horse that is performing in 60-70% PCV range?

A

Sludging(increased viscosity) causing detrimental effects to the flow

29
Q

What is the HR of an exercising horse?

A

220-240 bpm

30
Q

Venous return is enhanced by what three factors?

A

vasoconstriction
muscle contraction
intrathoracic pressure changes

31
Q

How does intrathoracic pressure change influence the flow of blood?

A

Thorax pressure is more negative increasing the flow from where it is coming from and traveling back to the thorax

32
Q

What is the relationship between minute ventilation and speed?

A

Linear increase

33
Q

Minute ventilation increase results from an increase in what?

A

RR and Tidal volume

34
Q

Low tissue O2 concentration set up hgh a-v O2 gradient favoring what?

A

O2 off loading to tissues

35
Q

Improved O2 extraction has what kind of dissociation curve?

A

Right shift- hypercarbia and hyperthermia and tissue acidosis

36
Q

Why at intense exercise is there a limitation of oxygen uptake?

A

Exercise exceeding 65% VO2max will be associated with hypoxemia because the blood is traveling so fast that there is not enough time for full saturation of O2

37
Q

What is the normal PaO2 in equine?

A

80-110 mmHg

38
Q

What is the relationship between footfall and RR when a horse is at canter and gallop?

A

coupled in a 1:1 ratio- limiting RR to maximum of 130/min

39
Q

What is the resistance to flow in the respiratory system?

A

Upper airway

40
Q

If there is shortened diastole-how does that affect the heart?

A

Majority of perfusion to coronary vessels occurs during diastole. So if you shorten diastole-then you will decrease cardiac perfusion leading to arrhythmias

41
Q

What is a major CVS adaptation to increased athletic performance?

A

heart mass increased

42
Q

What is the likely muscle fiber conversion?

A

IIX –> IIAX –> IIA –> I&IIA –> I

43
Q

The exercise capacity of a horse is limited by what?

A

O2 delivery and diffusion of O2 to the muscles

RUSVM LAM I (9 decks)

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