Principles of Pharm

Question 1

Any chemical that effects living process

Answer 1

drug

Question 2

study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

Answer 2

pharmacology

Question 3

study of drugs in humans

Answer 3

clinical pharmacology

Question 4

use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or prevent pregnancy or simply the medical use of drugs

Answer 4

pharmocotherapeutics

Question 5

Properties of Ideal Drug

Answer 5

Effectiveness
Safety
Selectivity

Question 6

drug that can actually treat what needs to be treated

Answer 6

effective drug

Question 7

drug that cannot produce harmful effects - all drugs can produce harmful effects but with proper dosing and selection can reduce harm

Answer 7

safe drug

Question 8

drug that only elicits the response for which it is given

Answer 8

selective drug

Question 9

Other drug characteristics

Answer 9

reversible action 
predictability
ease of administration 
low cost
chemical stability - moisture can decrease effectiveness "keeping medicine in bathroom"

Question 10

Objective that provides maximum benefit with minimal harm.

Answer 10

Therapeutic objective

Question 11

4 phases of pharmacokinetics

Answer 11

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

Question 12

Types of passage ways of drugs across membranes

Answer 12

channels and pores
transport systems - (P-glycoprotein transporter)
direct penetration of the cell membrane

Question 13

only small ions such as K and Na can go through

Answer 13

channels and pores

Question 14

type of transport system that is selective, may require energy, moves drug out of cells. ex: liver, kidney, placenta, intestines, brain.

Answer 14

p- glycoprotein

Question 15

movement of drug from its site of administration to bloodstream

Answer 15

absorption

Question 16

Positives of IV route

Answer 16

rapid
precise
large volume if needed
emergencies 
if unable to take PO

Question 17

Negatives of IV route

Answer 17

irreversible once administered
infection 
can cause fluid overload
embolism 
special training to place iv line

Question 18

IM/SQ route adv/dis

Answer 18

advantages: quick (30mins)
disadvantages: painful, few administration sites, bleeding risk, less convenient for oral

Question 19

med will dissolve in intestines; “plastic covering over tablet

Answer 19

enteric coated

Question 20

filled with “beads”

Answer 20

sustained release

Question 21

what exits the blood when there is kidney damage

Answer 21

albumin

Question 22

what binds 99% of the time with albumin rather than receptor sites (drug won’t work as well if binded to albumin); only 1% actually goes to tissues

Answer 22

warfarin

Question 23

which drug binds to 10% of albumin, leaving 90% absorbed in tissues

Answer 23

gentamicin

Question 24

what can limit distribution of medicines due to having no capillaries

Answer 24

abscesses and tumors

Question 25

what kind of drugs can cross the BBB

Answer 25

lipid soluble drugs

Question 26

governs on what is legally responsible as nurses. nurse legally responsible for any drugs administered

Answer 26

Nurse Practice Act

Question 27

when something goes wrong, and how to fix the problem.

EX: barcode scanning blood product doesnt work correctly

Answer 27

Patient safety reporting

Question 28

enzymatic alteration of drug structure

Answer 28

metabolism or biotransformation (in liver)

Question 29

metabolism in the liver is performed by what microsomal enzyme system

Answer 29

Cytochrome P450

Question 30

Rapid hepatic inactivation of certain oral drugs. Drug can be completely inactivated and no therapeutic effects are shown given PO.

Answer 30

First Pass Effect

Question 31

What to do for the first pass effect

Answer 31

Give medicine IV (parenterally) first to see effects and then to PO

Question 32

leaves body quickly, amount of time required for the drug to decrease by 50% of absorption

Answer 32

half-life

Question 33

drugs that activate or turn on receptor sites

Answer 33

agonist

Question 34

drugs that prevent receptor sites from being activated

ex: Narcan and antihistamines

Answer 34

antagonists

Question 35

Drug-drug interactions can cause?

Answer 35

• increased intensity
• decreased effects
• new response (especially if combo)

Question 36

Grapefruit juice interacts with what

Answer 36

statins and calcium channel blockers

Question 37

Greens interacts with what

Answer 37

warfarin

Question 38

theopyhlin interacts with what

Answer 38

caffeine

Question 39

potassium sparing diuretics interacts with what

Answer 39

potassium salt substitutes

Question 40

albumin containing antacids (Maalox) interacts with what

Answer 40

orange juice (increases absorption of Maalox)

Question 41

any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

Answer 41

adverse drug reaction

Question 42

degree of detrimental physiologic effect caused by excessive drug dosing

Answer 42

Toxicity

Question 43

immune response that occurs prior sensitization occurs, can be mild to life threatening, re-exposure of drug will illicit what?

Answer 43

allergic reaction

Question 44

uncommon drug response usually resulting from a genetic or unknown predisposition

Answer 44

idiosyncratic effect

Question 45

when transition of care occurs, hospital admission, discharge, moving to a different level of the hospital. List of current meds, make list of new meds

Answer 45

Medication reconciliation