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Medicine - Foundation > Nutrition II > Flashcards

Nutrition II Flashcards

1
Q

Micronutrient types

A
  • Vitamins

* Minerals

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2
Q

Vitamins definition and role

A
  • Do not serve as source of energy
  • Participate in various essential chemical processes
  • Lack -> overt symptoms of deficiency
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3
Q

Vitamin types

A

Fat soluble: A, D, E, K

Water soluble: B-vitamins, C

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4
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins features

A
  • Absorbed like fat into lymphatic system
  • Stored in larger quantities in fatty tissue
  • Less vulnerable to cooking losses
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5
Q

Water-soluble vitamins features

A
  • Absorbed into bloodstream
  • Stored in small amounts
  • Vulnerable to cooking losses
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6
Q

Vitamin A roles

A
  • Promoting vision
  • Participating in protein synthesis and cell differentiation
  • Supporting reproduction and growth
  • Role in immunity
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7
Q

Vitamin A types

A
  • Provitamin A carotenoids

* Preformed vitamin A

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8
Q

Vitamin A sources

A 
Provitamin A carotenoids: in plant foods
• leafy vegetables
• carrots
• apricots
• red palm oil
Preformed vitamin A: in animal foods
• chicken liver
• cod liver oil
• whole egg
• fortified milk
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9
Q

Vitamin D role

A
  • Maintain serum levels of calcium and phosphate

* Maintenance of skeletal integrity

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10
Q

Vitamin D sources

A
  • Fortified milk
  • Cereal
  • Fatty fish (mackerel, salmon, sardines)
  • Egg yolks
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11
Q

Vitamin E roles

A

Acts as antioxidant to prevent free radical damage

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12
Q

Vitamin E sources

A
  • Vegetable oils
  • Unprocessed cereals and nuts
  • Meats
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13
Q

Vitamin K roles

A
  • Carboxylation of clotting factors
  • Bone formation
  • Regulation of multiple enzymes systems
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14
Q

Vitamin K sources

A
  • Green leafy vegetables

* Liver cheeses

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15
Q

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

A
  • Night blindness
  • Corneal drying (xerosis)
  • Triangular gray spots (Bitot’s spots)
  • Softening of cornea (karatomalacia)
  • Corneal degeneration
  • Blindness (xerophthalmia)
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16
Q

Vitamin D deficiency symptoms

A
  • Rickets

* Osteomalacia

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17
Q

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms

A

Peripheral neuropathy (degeneration of large caliber axons in sensory neurons)

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18
Q

Vitamin K deficiency symptoms

A
  • Haemorrhages
  • Increased bruising
  • Increased hip fractures incidence
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19
Q

Vitamin C roles

A
  • Hydroxylation reactions of collagen and carnitine synthesis (helps to keep skin healthy)
  • Improves iron absorption
  • Antioxidant
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20
Q

Vitamin C sources

A
  • Citrus fruits
  • Green vegetables
  • Tomatoes
  • Organ meats
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21
Q

Vitamin B1 name

A

Thiamine

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22
Q

Vitamin B1 roles

A
  • Coenzyme (thiamin diphosphate TDP) for energy transformation
  • Coenzyme for synthesis of pentoses
  • Involved in neurotransmission and nerve conduction
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23
Q

Vitamin B1 sources

A
  • Lean pork
  • Beef
  • Liver
  • Yeast
  • Unpolished rice
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24
Q

Vitamin B2 name

A

Riboflavin

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25
Q

Vitamin B2 roles

A

• Precursor of FAD oxidation-reduction reactions

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26
Q

Vitamin B2 sources

A
  • Milk
  • Organ meats
  • Grains
  • Broccoli
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27
Q

Vitamin B3 name

A

Niacin

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28
Q

Vitamin B3 roles

A

• Precursor of NAD oxidation-reduction reactions

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29
Q

Vitamin B3 sources

A
  • Meat
  • Legumes
  • Milk
  • Eggs
  • Yeast
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30
Q

Vitamin B5 name

A

Pantothenic acid

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31
Q

Vitamin B5 roles

A

• As Coenzyme A acyl group transfer reactions

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32
Q

Vitamin B5 sources

A
  • Meat
  • Grains
  • Liver
  • Yeast
  • Egg yolk
  • Legumes
  • Some produced by GI bacteria
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33
Q

Vitamin B7 name

A

Biotin

34
Q

Vitamin B7 roles

A
  • Coenzyme for carboxylation reactions (gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, branched chain amino acid metabolism)
  • Cell proliferation, gene silencing, DNA repair
35
Q

Vitamin B7 sources

A
  • Liver
  • Egg yolk
  • Legumes
  • Nuts
  • Some synthesized by GI bacteria
36
Q

Vitamin B9 name

A

Folate

37
Q

Vitamin B9 roles

A

• Coenzyme for aa conversion

38
Q

Vitamin B9 sources

A
  • Yeast
  • Liver
  • Fresh green vegetables
  • Fresh fruits
39
Q

Vitamin B6 name

A

Pyridoxine

40
Q

Vitamin B6 roles

A
  • Precursor of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

* Transamination and decarboxylation reactions

41
Q

Vitamin B6 sources

A
  • Meats
  • Grains
  • Nuts
42
Q

Vitamin B12 name

A

Cobalamin

43
Q

Vitamin B12 roles

A
  • Methylation and isomerisation reactiona in aa metabolism
  • Coenzyme for methylmalonyl CoA mutase
  • Fatty acid metabolism
  • Coenzyme for methionine syntheses
44
Q

Vitamin B12 sources

A

Only found in animal tissues
• Liver
• Meat
• Fish

45
Q

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms

A
  • Scurvy

* Bleeding gums

46
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency symptoms

A
  • Dry

* Beri-beri

47
Q

Vitamin B2 deficiency symptoms

A

Ariboflavinosis
• Swollen lips
• Cracks at corners of mouth
• Swollen and red tongue

48
Q

Vitamin B3 deficiency symptoms

A

Pellagra
• Dermatitis
• Diarrhoea
• Dementia

49
Q

Vitamin B5 deficiency symptoms

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Mental depression
  • Pains in arms and legs
  • Muscle spasms
  • Neuromuscular degeneration
50
Q

Vitamin B7 deficiency symptoms

A
  • Alopecia

* Dermatitis

51
Q

Vitamin B9 deficiency symptoms

A
  • Megoblastic anaemia (result of impaired DNA synthesis)

* Neural tube defects in early stages of pregnancy

52
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms

A

Infant: hyperirritability, convulsive seizures
Adults: dermatitis, inflammation of the mouth

53
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

A

Pernicious anaemia

54
Q

Minerals features

A
  • Constitute 4% of total body weight

* Macrominerals and microminerals

55
Q

Macrominerals features

A

Constitute at least 0.01% of total body weight

56
Q

Macrominerals examples

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Sulfur
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Magnesium
57
Q

Microminerals

A
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Manganese
  • Iodine
  • Selenium
58
Q

Calcium roles

A
  • Building strong bones and teeth
  • Normal heart and muscle functions
  • Blood clotting and pressure
  • Immune defenses
59
Q

Calcium sources

A
  • Milk
  • Yogurt
  • Cheese
  • Green, leafy vegetables
  • Broccoli
  • Dried fish with bones
  • Legumes
  • Peas
60
Q

Zinc roles

A
  • Important for function of many enzymes
  • Acts as an antioxidant
  • Making genetic material and proteins
  • Immune reactions
  • Transport of vitamin A
  • Taste perception
  • Wound healing
  • Sperm production
61
Q

Zinc sources

A
  • Meats
  • Fish
  • Poultry
  • Shellfish
  • Whole grain cereals
  • Legumes
  • Peanuts
  • Milk
  • Cheese
  • Yogurt
  • Vegetables
62
Q

Selenium roles

A
  • Acts as an antioxidant together with vitamin E

* Prevents impairing of heart muscles

63
Q

Selenium sources

A
  • Meat
  • Eggs
  • Seafood
  • Whole grains
  • Plants grown in selenium rich soil
64
Q

Magnesium roles

A
  • Building strong bones and teeth
  • Protein synthesis
  • Muscle contraction
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
65
Q

Magnesium sources

A
  • Nuts
  • Legumes
  • Whole grain cereals
  • Dark green vegetables
  • Seafood
66
Q

Iodine roles

A
  • Development and proper functioning of brain and nervous system
  • Growth, development, metabolism
67
Q

Iodine sources

A
  • Seafood
  • Iodized salt
  • Plants grown in iodine-rich soil
68
Q

Goitrogens definition

A

Substances in food and water that interfere with thyroid gland metabolism -> blocks uptake of iodine from blood by thyroid cells

69
Q

Iron roles

A

Found in haemoglobin (RBCs) and myoglobin (muscle cells) -> needed to carry oxygen

70
Q

Iron sources

A
  • Liver
  • Meats
  • Egg yolks
  • Nuts
  • Enriched/whole grains
  • Legumes
71
Q

Enhancers of nonheme iron absorption

A
  • Vitamin C
  • Organic acids
  • Meat, fish, poultry
72
Q

Inhibitors of nonheme iron absorption

A
  • Phytic acid

* Polyphenols

73
Q

Sodium roles

A

Important component of body fluids, nerve function

74
Q

Sodium sources

A
  • Table salt
  • Meat
  • Seafood
  • Milk
  • Cheese
  • Eggs
  • Baking soda/powder
  • Bread
  • Vegetables
  • Processed foods
75
Q

Potassium roles

A

• Important component of body fluids, mostly inside cells

76
Q

Potassium sources

A
  • Potatoes
  • Melons
  • Citrus fruit
  • Banana
  • Most fruits and vegetables
  • Meat
  • Milk
  • Legumes
77
Q

Iron deficiency symptoms

A 
Iron deficiency anemia
• Pale skin
• Fatigue and weakndss
• Irritability
• Shortness of breath
• Palpitations and rapid heart rate
• Pica
• Decreased appetite
• Headaches
• Brittle nails
• Sores in corner of mouth
78
Q

Iodine deficiency symptoms

A
  • Goitre (hypothyroidism)
  • Mental retardation
  • Stunted growth (cretinism)
79
Q

Zinc deficiency symptoms

A 
1st signs
• Impairment of taste
• Hair loss
• Diarrhoea
• Fatigue
• Delayed wound healing
Severe
• Slowing of growth
• Delayed sexual maturation
• Night blindness
• Swelling clouding of corneas
• Behavioural disturbances
80
Q

Selenium deficiency symptoms

A
  • Muscular weakness
  • Muscle wasting
  • Inflammation to heart muscle
  • Damage to heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Kashin-Beck disease

Medicine - Foundation (10 decks)

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