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ADI 03 > Mod 1 - MET > Flashcards

Mod 1 - MET Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of Met in Aviation

A

Safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation.

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2
Q

What affects does Weather have on Aviation?

A

Safety
Economy
Comfort.

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3
Q

Decode WMO

A

World Meterological Office

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4
Q

Decode WAFS

A

World Area Forecast System

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5
Q

Decode WAFC

A

World Area Forecast Centre

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6
Q

Decode RSMC

A

Regional Specialist Met Centre.

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7
Q

Decode MWO

A

Meteorological Watch Office

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8
Q

Decode VAAC

A

Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre

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9
Q

Decode TCAC

A

Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre.

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10
Q

Decode SADIS

A

Satellite Distribution System.

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11
Q

List sources used to gather Met Data

A 
Wx station (with/without) shelter screen 
Registering balloon
Wx observation on buoy or ship
AMDAR - Aircraft Monitoring Data Relay
Met satellite
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12
Q

List reasons for ISA

A

Establish stds for calibration of instruments
Vertical separation between AC
Comparing power parameters of AC and engines

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13
Q

What is the composition of ISA?

A 
Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Argon - 0.9%
CO2 - 0.03%
Water - 0%
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14
Q

What is the structure of ISA?

A 
Troposphere
Tropopause
Isotherm
Lower Stratosphere 
Upper Stratosphere
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15
Q

What is the Barometric Lapse Rate in ISA?

A

30’ / 1hPa

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16
Q

What is the Air Density in ISA?

A

1.225kg/m3

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17
Q

What is the height and temperature of the Tropopause?

A

11km

-56.5°C

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18
Q

What is the temperature Gradient to the Tropopause?

A

-2K / 1000’

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19
Q

What is the temperature Gradient at Lower Stratosphere?

A

Isotherm

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20
Q

What is the temperature Gradient at Upper Stratosphere?

A

+0.3K / 1000’

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21
Q

What is the structure of the Atmosphere Beyond ISA?

A 
Troposphere
Stratosphere 
Mesosphere 
Ionosphere
Exosphere
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22
Q

What may occur at the Ionosphere?

A

Radio blackouts and skip

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23
Q

What is the height of average Tropopause at the poles and equator?

A

Poles - 6-8km

Equator - 16-18km

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24
Q

Composition of ‘Real’ Atmosphere includes what?

A

Additional 4% water

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25
Q

List problems due to Fog in Aviation

A 
Airport reduced capacity
Airport closure
Go around
Diversions
Delays due to holding
Taxi orientation issues.
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26
Q

What equipment and methods are used to measure fog?

A

Transmissometer (RVR)

Human Observation

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27
Q

What requirements do AC and crew use to deal with fog?

A

AC equipment
AC technical status
Crew licence.

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28
Q

State the conditions required for Radiation Fog

A

Clear sky
Only over continent
Light wind <10kt
High humidity

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29
Q

What is the average thickness of Radiation Fog

A

<2m MIFG or BCFG

Max 100m - 200m

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30
Q

What time of day and season is Radiation Fog more prominent?

A

Build up after SS
Most dense after SR
Long lasting during winter months.

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31
Q

How is Radiation Fog dissipated?

A

Sun radiation

Following a wx change.

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32
Q

State the conditions required for Advection Fog

A

Moist and warm air
Cold surface
Wind / air stream.

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33
Q

What is the average thickness of Advection Fog?

A

500m - max 1000m

Widespread.

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34
Q

Describe Advection Fog and the seasons

A

Spring - Fog formed over sea due to warm continent and cold sea
Autumn - Fog formed over continent due to warm sea and cold continent.

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35
Q

How is Advection fog dissipated?

A

Change of wx situation

Change of wind direction.

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36
Q

List conditions for Mixing Fog

A

Moist and warm air mixing with moist and cold air.

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37
Q

What is the thickness of Mixing Fog?

A

100km + wide along wx fronts

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38
Q

Mixing Fog is more prominent during which season?

A

Winter

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39
Q

How is Mixing fog dissipated?

A

Change of wx situation.

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40
Q

What factors can influence Visibility?

A

Visual object
Observer
Time of day
Position of the sun

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41
Q

What is the importance of Visibility for VFR Pilots?

A

Flight planning and flight operation
Vis at departure and destination airport
Vis en-route.

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42
Q

What is the importance of Visibility for IFR pilots?

A

Fuel planning and flight operation
Departure and destination minimas
Alternate minima

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43
Q

What is the importance of Visibility for Controllers?

A

Operational category of the airport

Airport capacity.

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44
Q

Name the different Types of Visibility

A 
Flight
Ground in sight
Slant
RVR 
Vertical
Ground.
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45
Q

Ground Visibility Decode
4000
9999
1300 0800SE

A

4000m
>= 10km
Prevailing vis 1300m, lowest vis 800m to the SE.

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46
Q

Vertical Visibility Decode
VV003
VV///
VV000

A

Sky obscured, Vert Vis 300’
Sky obscured, Vert Vis not available
Sky obscured, Vert Vis <100’.

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47
Q 
RVR Decode 
R1000
RP2000
R26L/0900D
R07R/0800V1400U
A

RVR 1000m
RVR >2000m
RVR Rwy 26L 900m decreasing
RVR Rwy 07R 800m variation 1400m upward tendency.

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48
Q

Decode FU

A

Smoke

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49
Q

Decode DU

A

Widespread dust

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50
Q

Decode SA

A

Sand

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51
Q

Decode VA

A

Volcanic ash

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52
Q

Decode HZ

A

Haze

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53
Q

Decode BR

A

Mist

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54
Q

Decode RA

A

Rain

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55
Q

Decode DZ

A

Drizzle

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56
Q

Decode SN

A

Snow

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57
Q

Decode FG

A

Fog

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58
Q

Decode MIFG

A

Shallow fog

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59
Q

Decode BLSN

A

Blowing snow

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60
Q

Decode DRSN

A

Drifting snow

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61
Q

How is wind measured?

A

Wind sock
Wind vane
Anemometer
Height - 10m above GRD.

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62
Q

What is Mesoscale Wind System Force?

A

Gradient force due to pressure difference.

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63
Q

Describe the Mesoscale Pressure Gradient Force

A

From H to L pressure
The closer the isobars, the greater the G
The stronger the wind
Wind equalises pressure very rapidly.

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64
Q

Describe Land / Sea Breeze

A

Sea breeze: Wind moving from cold water surface to warm continent. Present during day with calm fine wx.
Land breeze: wind moving from cold land to warmer sea. at night

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65
Q

List Land / Sea Breeze Hazards

A

Sea Breeze -
Wind shear, strong surface wind, possibly Advection Fog
Land Breeze -
Less intense than sea breeze.

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66
Q

Describe Mountain Down Slope / Valley Up Slope

A

Circulation of wind down up and through a valley.

Evident during sunny calm days.

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67
Q

List Mountain Down Slope / Valley Up Slope Flight Hazards

A

Mountain Down Slope - Fog or stratus

Valley Up Slope - Turbulence, wind shear, strong CWC.

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68
Q

List Foehn Wind Flight Hazards

A

Upwind Side - Low ceiling, poor vis, incessant rain, embd CB, ICE, TURB, GR
Downwind Side - 30 - 50kt winds, rotor clouds - heavy TURB, mountain waves - heavy TURB.

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69
Q

What are the Physical States of Water

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas / Vapour

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70
Q

Definition of Dewpoint

A

The temperature (to which air has to be cooled down) at which condensation occurs.

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71
Q

List the Changing States of Water

A 
Liquid to Solid - Freeze
Solid to Liquid - Melt
Liquid to Gas - Evaporate
Gas to Liquid - Condense
Solid to Gas - Sublimate
Gas to Solid - Resublimate.
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72
Q

What are the hazards from Water to Aviation?

A 
Fog
Cloud
Hail
Freezing rain
Snow
Aquaplaning.
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73
Q

How is Atmospheric Humidity measured?

A

Hair hygrometer
Psychrometer
Dew Point mirror.

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74
Q

Definition of Spread

A

The difference between temperature and dew point.

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75
Q 
If moisture in the air and temperature is constant what happens to 
Dew Point
Spread
Relative Humidity
Probability of Fog
A

Increase
Decrease
Increase
Increase.

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76
Q

How is Atmospheric Pressure measured?

A

Mercury Barometer

Aneroid Barometer.

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77
Q

What does Barometric Lapse Rate depend upon?

A

Altitude
Temperature
Humidity.

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78
Q

What are the Barometric Lapse Rates?

A

Up to 18,000’ - 30’ / 1hPa
18,000’ - 36,000’ - 60’ / 1hPa
36,000’ and above - 120’ / 1hPa.

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79
Q

How is Atmospheric Temperature measured?

A

Mercury Thermometer
Bimetallic Thermometer
Resistance Thermometer.

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80
Q

When is coldest time of day?

A

30 min after SR

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81
Q

When is the hottest time of day?

A

2 hrs after noon.

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82
Q

Coldest months of the Year

Northern Hemisphere

A

Dec - Jan

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83
Q

Warmest months of the Year

Northern Hemisphere

A

Jun - Aug.

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84
Q

What is Inversion?

A

Layer of atmosphere where temp increases with height.

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85
Q

List influences of Air Density on Aviation

A 
Performance
Thrust
Lift
Runway length required
Climb rate
Drag.
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86
Q

What is the relationship between Air Density, Pressure, Humidity and Temperature

A

Air Density rises with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature
Air Density decreases with decreasing pressure and increasing temperature
Air Density decreases with increasing humidity.

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87
Q

What is the Human Critical threshold?

A

20,000’ - 40,000’

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88
Q

List reasons for wrong Altimeter Indications

A 
Mechanical - friction, calibration
Dynamic - turbulent air, motion of AC
Wrong subscale setting
Air humidity
Air temperature
Air pressure.
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89
Q

Altitude Error due to Air Temperature

A

Hot to cold you’ll never get old!

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90
Q

Altitude Error due to Air Pressure

A

High to low look out below!

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91
Q

What is the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

A

Ascending; -3K/1000’

Descending; +3K/1000’

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92
Q

What sort or air would a Dry Adiabatic Process occur?

A

Unsaturated

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93
Q

What is the Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

A

Ascending; -2K/1000’

Descending; +2K/1000’

94
Q

Within what sort of air would a Wet Adiabatic Process occur?

A

Saturated

95
Q

When would a Dry Adiabatic Process turn into a Wet Adiabatic Process?

A

At the DP

96
Q

What is a Stable Atmosphere?

A

An atmosphere where small incidental movements are suppressed and the vertical exchange in the atmosphere is low

97
Q

Give examples of a Stable Atmosphere

A

Inversion

Isothermal Layer

98
Q

What is an Unstable Atmosphere?

A

An atmosphere where small vertical disturbances result in vehement vertical motions. Strong irregular up and down drafts and turbulence.

99
Q

Give examples of an Unstable Atmosphere

A

Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, CU Cloud

100
Q

What type of cloud forms as a result of Thermal Convection?

A

Cumuliform

101
Q

What type of cloud forms as a result of Forced Lifting?

A

Stratiform

102
Q

What situations could cause Forced Lifting?

A

Mountain Ridge
Front - Line
Converging Surface Winds

103
Q

Name the Characteristics of Cumuliform Clouds

A 
Origin - Thermal Convection
Stability - Unstable
Vertical Speed - ~100-1000'/min and more
Particle Size - Small
Horizontal Extension - Small
Precipitation - Shower
Icing Type - Clear
Turbulence - Moderate to Severe
104
Q

What are the Characteristics of Stratiform Clouds?

A 
Origin - Forced Lifting
Stability - Stable
Vertical Speed - ~1-10'/min
Particle Size - Large
Horizontal Extension - Widespread
Precipitation - Continuous
Icing Type - Rime
Turbulence - None
105
Q

Which Cloud Particles are most dangerous to Aviation?

A

Supercooled Droplets

106
Q

State the Characteristics of NS

A 
Nimbostratus
Dark grey with precipitation
Turb - Nil
Icing - Rime
Precipitation - Continuous DZ
107
Q

State the Characteristics of CI

A 
Cirrus
Delicate - Hooks and feathers
Turb - Nil
Icing - Nil
Precipitation - Nil
108
Q

State the Characteristics of CS

A 
Cirrostratus
Thin white layers - Halo
Turb - Nil
Icing - Nil
Precipitation - Nil
109
Q

State the Characteristics of CC

A 
Cirrocumulus
Seperate flakes / balls
Turb - Rapid Frequency
Icing - Nil
Precipitation - Nil
110
Q

State the Characteristics of AS

A 
Altostratus
Layered uniform grey
Turb - Nil
Icing - Rime
Precipitation - Nil
111
Q

State the Characteristics of AC

A 
Altocumulus
Seperate white flakes, vertical extent
Turb - Yes
Icing - Clear
Precipitation - Nil
112
Q

State the Characteristics of ST

A 
Stratus
Uniform grey, low base
Turb - Nil
Icing - Rime
Precipitation - DZ
113
Q

State the Characteristics of SC

A 
Stratocumulus
Layered vertical structure, inversion above
Turb - Yes
Icing - Mixed
Precipitation - Nil
114
Q

State the Characteristics of CU

A 
Cumulous
Isolated vertical extension
Turb - Yes
Icing - Clear
Precipitation - SH
115
Q

State the Characteristics of CB

A 
Cumulonimbus
Great vertical development
Turb - SEV
Icing - Clear
Precipitation - +SH
116
Q

Up to what level do low clouds form?

A

~8000’

117
Q

Up to what altitude do Alto Clouds form?

A

~20,000’

118
Q

What are High level clouds called?

A

Cirro

119
Q

Low clouds are made of what type of particle?

A

Water particles

120
Q

What type of clouds are made up of water and ice particles?

A

Alto

121
Q

Are Cirro clouds made of water or ice particles?

A

Ice

122
Q

What equipment measures cloud amount and height?

A

Ceilometer

123
Q

How can cloud amount be measured?

A

OKTAs

124
Q

Describe the OKTA scale

A 
1 - 2 FEW
3 - 4 SCT
5 - 7 BKN
8 OVC
9 SKYOBS (VV)
125
Q

What does CAVOK mean?

A

Cloud and Visbility OK
Vis 10km or more (9999)
No cloud below 5000’ - No CB or TCU
No significant WX

126
Q

What would NSC indicate?

A

Nil Significant Cloud
No cloud below 5000’ - No CB or TCU or…
Sky Clear

127
Q

Define Ceiling

A

Height of the base of the lowest layer covering more than half the sky below 20,000’.

128
Q

What do ISOL, LYR and EMBD mean?

A

Isolated
Layered
Embedded

129
Q

What Categories of Precipitation are there?

A

Falling
Deposed
Stored

130
Q

What is Falling Precipitation?

A

Precipitation resulting from clouds formed by the steam of the atmosphere

131
Q

What is Deposed Precipitation?

A

Precipitation resulting from steam of the atmosphere which forms directly on the ground

132
Q

What is Stored Precipitation?

A

Precipitation that remains on the ground

133
Q

How is precipitation measured?

A

Rain gauge

1m AGL

134
Q

What is the Significance of Precipitation on Aviation?

A 
Reduced flight vis
Engine performance
Flight performance
Impaired aerodynamics
Increased braking distance
Frozen windshield
Structural damage
135
Q

How is the Intensity of precipitation annotated?

A

+ Heavy
- Light
Moderate

136
Q

Decode FZDZ

A

Freezing drizzle

137
Q

Decode SG

A

Snow grains

138
Q

Decode FZRA

A

Freezing rain

139
Q

Decode GS

A

Small hail

140
Q

Decode PL

A

Ice pellets

141
Q

How can icing be prevented in aviation?

A

Circumnavigation

De-icing equipment

142
Q

What types of de-icing equipment are available in aviation?

A

Electric
Thermal
Pneumatic

143
Q

List effects of icing on flight controls?

A 
More weight
Less lift
Less thrust
More drag
Higher stall speed
Blocked controls
Antenna damage
Air frame damage
Frozen windshield
144
Q

How can the light icing impact navigation?

A

Remain on course and altitude

Anti ice measures used temporarily

145
Q

How can moderate icing impact navigation?

A

Change in course/altitude may be required

Anti ice measures used all the time

146
Q

How can severe icing impact navigation?

A

Immediate change of course/altitude required

Anti ice measures are insufficient

147
Q

How is icing formed on AC?

A

Transportation of warm water droplets inot cold areas

148
Q

At what temperature are AC most vulnerable to icing?

A

0 - -6°

149
Q

What weather conditions could lead to icing?

A

FZRA
Cloud above freezing line or freezing line within cloud
Warm fronts - supercooled area
Cooling due to radiation

150
Q

Describe the formation, appearance and characteristics of Rime Ice

A

Formation - Small supercooled droplets freezing instantly and maintaining shape
Appearance - Milky and rough
Characteristics - fragile and fairly easy to remove

151
Q

What flight hazards are associated with Rime Ice?

A

More drag

Loss of lift

152
Q

Describe the formation, appearance and characteristics of Clear Ice

A

Formation - Large supercooled droplets flowing back and freezing
Appearance -Adapt to profile, smooth and clear
Characteristics - Solid and hard to remove

153
Q

What flight hazards are associated with Clear Ice?

A

Increase weight
Rudder/flaps/slats may block
More drag
Less lift

154
Q

What flight hazards are associated with Mixed Ice?

A

Combination of clear and rime ice

155
Q

Describe the formation, appearance and characteristics of Mixed Ice

A

Formation - Small and large supercooled droplets
Appearance - Mixture of clear and rime ice
Characteristics - Mixture of clear and rime ice

156
Q

Within what type of cloud would rime ice form?

A

ST, NS, AS

157
Q

Within what type of cloud would clear ice form?

A

CU, AC, CB

158
Q

Within what type of cloud would mixed ice form?

A

SC NS windward side

159
Q

What factors could determine the intensity of icing on an AC?

A 
Liquid water content - cloud type and freezing level
AC type - aerofoil shape
TAS - slower AC more at risk
Duration of passage through area
FL - warmer air = more water content
160
Q

What are the characteristics of an inversion?

A

Stable atmosphere - no vertical air movement, no thermal convection, no cumuliform cloud types

161
Q

What time of year and in what conditions are inversions most common?

A

Autumn and winter

Smog conditions

162
Q

How does a surface inversion develop and what hazards does it pose to AC in flight

A

Develops like radiation fog

Reduces slant vis below due to HZ, BR, FG, wind shear

163
Q

How does the duration of a surface inversion differ with the time of year?

A

Autumn and winter - long duration

Summer - short duration

164
Q

Name the 3 types of Inversion

A

Surface
Warm front
Subsidence

165
Q

What is a Warm Front Inversion?

A

Inversion formed as a result of warm air ‘climbing ‘ up the back of cold air

166
Q

State the properties of a Subsidence Inversion during summer months

A

Good vis above due to dry air

Cumuliform clouds form below

167
Q

State the properties of a Subsidence Inversion during winter months

A

Good vis above due to dry air

ST with DZ, FG below

168
Q

What are the flight hazards associated with Inversions?

A

Windshear
Icing
Wake Turbulence
Poor ROC - Air density drop

169
Q

When is an Inversion most dangerous to AC?

A

When close to the surface

Strong inversions with temperature rise of more than or equal to 10K below 650’

170
Q

What is the PFJ?

A

Polar Front Jetstream

171
Q

Where is the PFJ?

A

60° latitude

Upper tropopause

172
Q

State characteristics and features of the PFJ

A 
Very fast moving band of airflow
Flows west to east
Boundary between warm and cold air
CAT (strong wind shear at the edges of a Jetstream)
Several 1000km long
High up in the upper tropopause
173
Q

What effect does the time of year have on the PFJ and how does it affect weather in the UK?

A

Winter - PFJ drops below the UK allowing cold air to move further south over the UK
Summer - PFL moves above the UK pushing cold air north and enabling warm air to cover UK

174
Q

What affect does the Jetstream have on aviation?

A

Flight with PFJ - Reduction in flight time and more fuel efficiency
Flight against PFJ - Longer flight time, more fuel required

175
Q

What are the 2 main types of airmass?

A

Maritime - warm air with high humidity

Continental - cold dry air

176
Q

What is a Front?

A

Boundaries or transition zones between 2 different air masses.

177
Q

What hazards could Fronts pose to aviation?

A 
Rain
Low cloud base
TS
Icing
Turbulence
Change is wind direction
178
Q

What are the characteristics of a Warm Front?

A 
Cloud - CI, CS, AS, NS
Speed - 20kts
WX - Continuous RA, SN, FZRA, PL
Wind movement - S-W
Pressure - Decreases
Temp - Increases
Cloud base/Ceiling - Decreases to GND
Vis - Decreases, possible mixing FG
179
Q

What flight hazards are there with a warm front?

A

Light to moderate icing

Decrease to no VMC

180
Q

What type of cloud could be included in a warm front?

A

EMBD CB

181
Q

Name the 3 types of Cold Front

A

Passive
Active
Squall

182
Q

What are the characteristics of a Passive Cold Front?

A 
Cloud - NS (EMBD CB), AS, CS, CI, CU
Speed - 30kts
WX - Continuous SHRA, SHSN, TS
Wind movement - Gusty W-N
Pressure - Increases
Temp - Decreases
Cloud base/Ceiling - Low, rapid decrease
Vis - Poor during RA
183
Q

What flight hazards are there with a Passive Cold Front?

A

Icing
Gusty winds
EMBD CB
TS

184
Q

What flight hazards are there with an Active Cold Front?

A 
Heavy Turbulence
Gusts up to 50kts
Severe Icing
Windshear
CB
TS
185
Q

What are the characteristics of an Active Cold Front?

A 
Cloud - CU, CB, TCU
Speed - Up to 50kts
WX -  +SHRA, +SHSN, +TS, GR, GS
Wind movement - Strong gusty W-N
Pressure - Rapid increase
Temp - Notable decrease
Cloud base/Ceiling - Rapid decrease
Vis - Bad during RA
186
Q

What does SQL mean?

A

Squall

187
Q

When would you expect to see a Squall?

A

Moving ahead of an Active Cold Front.

188
Q

What happens to the wind direction following a SQL?

A

During the the SQL, the wind moves 2x 180°, resulting in same wind direction as before the SQL

189
Q

What happens to the temperature following a SQL?

A

During the SQL, temp will decrease due to showers and then become hot following the SQL.

190
Q

What happens to the visibility during and after a SQL?

A

The vis will drop due to showers and continue to be bad following the SQL.

191
Q

Name the most important type of a geostrophic wind

A

Jetstream

192
Q

What is a CAT area?

A

Clear air turbulence

193
Q

Name atmospheric situations where turbulence arises

A
  • Turbulence in surface friction layer
  • thermal convection
  • orographically induced turbulence
  • clear air turbulence
  • wake turbulence
194
Q

Why is turbulence hazardous ?

A

Can cause a sudden loss or gain in height/speed
Notable direction changes
Metal fatigue
Resonance vibrations

195
Q

What are Dynamic Lows and what frontal systems do they contain?

A

CF and WF systems formed due to the PFJ along a break of the tropopause

196
Q

List the characteristics of the Rear Side of a Dynamic Low

A 
Temp - Decreases
Pressure - Rapidly increases
Wind - N, NW and very gusty
Clouds - CU, TCU, CB
Ceiling - None, expect in SH
Visibility - Very good
Precipitation - SH
197
Q

List the characteristics of the Front Side of a Dynamic Low

A 
Temp - Increases
Pressure - Rapidly decreases
Wind - S, SW
Clouds - CI, CS, AS, NS
Ceiling - Low
Visibility - Poor
Precipitation - Incessant RA, SN
198
Q

List the characteristics of the Warm Sector of a Dynamic Low

A

Temp - Constant
Pressure - ~ constant, slow changes
Wind - W
Clouds - CI, AC, AS (Summer = CU, possible SQL, Winter = ST)
Ceiling - Summer = None, Winter = Low
Visibility - Summer = Moderate, Winter = Bad
Precipitation - Winter = DZ

199
Q

What is a WF Occlusion and what are the characteristics?

A

Where area of less cold air on the rear side, catches up with polar cold air on the front side.
Season - Winter
WX - WF WX, incessant RA

200
Q

What is a CF Occlusion and what are the characteristics?

A

Where area of polar cold air on the rear side, catches up with less cold air on the front side.
Season - Summer
WX - CF WX, dominate SH

201
Q

How are Thermal Lows created and what WX would you expect?

A

Created through strong surface heating.
WX - RA, TS, +TS, +SHRA
Not frontal
For example, following a hurricane to the west, the air mass crosses the Atlantic.

202
Q

What are the flight hazards of volcanic ash?

A
  • possible false cargo-fire-warning
  • effect of sandblasting the cockpit window and surface of AC
  • VA damages the engines
  • total loss of thrust and vibrations
  • VA blocks the pitot tubes with result of false airspeed and altitude indication
  • antennas and deicing devices may be destroyed
  • VA pollutes the aircon system and the electrical-,fuel- and hydraulic systems
203
Q

What are the flight hazards of thunderstorms?

A
  • Turbulence
  • Strong up/down winds
  • windshear
  • hail
  • icing
  • lightning
  • gusts/squalls

AVOID AVOID AVOID

204
Q

What does the pilot do if he cannot avoid a TS?

A
  • min time possible through the TS
  • be aware of heavy TURB and GR
  • avoid LVL with most critical icing
  • fly attitude, maintain trim
  • cont relight on
  • fasten seat belts/prepare cabin
  • r/t may be disturbed
  • check WX radar
  • inform ATC
205
Q

MI

A

shallow

206
Q

BC

A

patches

207
Q

PR

A

partial

208
Q

DR

A

low drifting

209
Q

BL

A

blowing

210
Q

UP

A

unknown precipitation

211
Q

GR

A

hail

212
Q

PO

A

dust/sand swirls

213
Q

SQ

A

squalls

214
Q

FC

A

funnel clouds

215
Q

SS

A

sand storm

216
Q

DS

A

dust storm

217
Q

NCD

A

no clouds detected

218
Q

NSW

A

nil significant weather

219
Q

FRQ

A

frequent

220
Q

ABV

A

Above

221
Q

BLW

A

below

222
Q

BTW/BTN

A

between

223
Q

CLD

A

clouds

224
Q

INTSF

A

intensifying

225
Q

IMPR

A

improving

226
Q

NC

A

not changing

227
Q

OCNL

A

occasional

228
Q

STNR

A

stationary

229
Q

SFC

A

surface

230
Q

WKN

A

weakening

ADI 03 (10 decks)

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