Lecture 12

Question 1

Type __ diabetes affects children and young adults. Pancreatic beta cells are destroyed.

Answer 1

Type 1

Question 2

One of the ideal treatments for type 1 diabetes is transplantation of pancreatic ____ cells. The issue is that patients require more than 600 ____/Kg of body weight, which would require two deceased organ donors. There’s also the issue of ______ rejection. Another issue is that only ___% of patients remain insulin independent after 5 years.

Answer 2

Islet

Islets

Immunologic

10%

Question 3

Hyperglycemia is thought to be a major cause of _______ alterations/damage.

Answer 3

Microvasculature

Question 4

Acinar cells secrete ___ enzymes. The _______ cell is responsible for fluid and electrolyte secretion.

Answer 4

Digestive

Centroacinar cell

Question 5

___ cells are centrally located in islets of langheran and comprise the majority of the islets.

Answer 5

Beta cells

Question 6

_____, a part of the pancreatic exocrine secretions, neutralizes gastric acid and regulates the pH of the intestine. It is what gives pancreatic exocrine secretions an alkaline pH.

Answer 6

Bicarbonate

Question 7

Other endocrine cells from a cultured islet can transform into an _____/ductal cyst. The cyst cells can be induced to give rise to Beta cells. Cultured ____ cells have been shown to be able to do the same.

Answer 7

Epithelial/ductal

Acinar

Question 8

In mouse models, ____ cells, following beta cell damage/depletion, can enter a bi-_____ phase, producing both glucagon and insulin. They can then go on to differentiate into ____ cells.

Answer 8

Alpha

bi-Hormonal

Beta

Question 9

Pancreas-derived multipotent precursor cells (PMPs) can also give rise to _____ cells.

Answer 9

Beta

Question 10

The process of differentiating Pluripotent Stem Cells into Beta cells is complex. First, they have to be differentiated into definitive ______ via Activin A. However, only some of the cells accomplish this. In order to separate them out from the rest, _____ is used as a marker/label for cell sorting using a magnetic column. To ensure these are ______ cells, expression of Brachyury and ____17 are looked for. Then, they are further induced to produce a mature pancreatic lineage with ______ acid.

Answer 10

Endoderm

CXCR4

SOX17

Retinoic

Question 11

Insulin and GLUT-__ are markers for Beta cells.

Answer 11

GLUT-2

Question 12

In order to test insulin secretion from induced Beta cells, they are incubated in buffer containing ____ glucose for 15 mins, and then in buffer containing ____ glucose for another 15 mins. Insulin is detected via ______ assay.

Answer 12

Low

High

ELISA

Question 13

Immunoisolation by cell ______ using an _____-poly-L-lysine membrane has the potential to shield beta cells from autoimmune response, while allowing diffusion of insulin and nutrients across the membrane.

Answer 13

Encapsulation

Alginate-poly-L-lysine

Question 14

Alginate structure has a negatively charged ______ group. This allows the creation of a gel when the alginate is combine with a _____ solution (typically CaCl2.) The gel capsule size needs to be controlled and kept on the order of hundreds of micrometers. This is achieved by apllying ____ pressure while the alginate is being pumped into the CaCl2 solution.

Answer 14

Carboxyl

Cation

Air

Question 15

One of the concerns when using alginate capsules is if the pore size of the membrane is not small enough, __-1Beta and ____-alpha (secreted from Macrohpages in response to bioreactive factors produced by the allogeneically derived beta cells) can diffuse into and bind the encapsulated beta cell transplants. This leads to beta cell death in the capsule.

Answer 15

IL-1Beta

TNF-alpha

Question 16

While xenogenic cells elicit a strong immune response when contacted by antibodies, they do not interact with human ______, even if they diffuse into the capsule. This makes them a good candidate for alginate encapsulated transplantation.

Answer 16

Cytokines