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PY100 Exam 2 > Chapter 7 (Weiten) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 (Weiten) Flashcards

From concept chart and class notes

1
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into the memory; forming a memory code

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2
Q

Attention

A

Entails a selective focus on certain input, enhances encoding

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3
Q

Divided attention

A

Undermines encoding and can have a negative effect on the performance of other tasks

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4
Q

Levels-of-process theory

A

Proposes that deeper levels of processing result in more durable memory codes

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5
Q

Elaboration

A

Involves linking a stimulus to other information, can enrich encoding

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6
Q

Dual-coding theory

A

According to this theory, visual imagery may facilitate memory by providing two memory codes rather than just one

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7
Q

How does motivation affect memory?

A

Increasing the motivation to remember at the time of encoding can enhance memory

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8
Q

Automatic encoding

A

Process of memory where information is taken in and encoded without conscious, deliberate effort; also known as incidental learning or implicit memory; usually means that something is repeated over and over again

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9
Q

What three processes does memory depend on?

A

1) Encoding
2) Storage
3) Retrieval

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10
Q

Effortful encoding

A

Process of memory where you are trying to intentionally get something into the memory system that is not automatically getting there

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11
Q

What are four methods of effortful encoding?

A

1) Repetition
2) Elaboration
3) Imagery
4) Mnemonics

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12
Q

Sensory memory

A

Allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased; preserves information in its original form for a very brief time

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13
Q

How long does it take for memory traces in sensory store to appear to decay?

A

About one-quarter of a second

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14
Q

What is a visual memory trace in the sensory store called?

A

Icon

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15
Q

What is a auditory memory trace in the sensory store called?

A

Echo

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16
Q

What is an example of a visual memory trace in the sensory store?

A

When you look away from something but can still see the image cast on your retina

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17
Q

What is an example of a auditory memory trace in the sensory store?

A

When you are not paying attention to the conversation you are having but then you hear their inflection change into a question. Then, in that brief moment, you are able to replay the question

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18
Q

Short-term memory

A

Unsatisfactory operational definition: holds a few items for a brief period of time; a more complex model of STM is called working memory

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19
Q

How long can information be stored in short-term memory?

A

10 to 30 seconds

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20
Q

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A

Has long been believed to be seven items plus or minus two however, a more recent estimate that that the capacity is four items plus or minus one is becoming increasingly influential

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21
Q

Working memory

A

A more complex model of STM; modular system for temporary storage and manipulation
of information; Baddeley’s model accounts for evidence that shortterm
memory handles a greater variety of functions and depends on more complicated processes than previously thought

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22
Q

Working memory capacity (WMC)

A

One’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

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23
Q

Long-term memory

A

An unlimited capacity store that can hold information

over lengthy periods of time

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24
Q

Conceptual hierarchy

A

A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

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25
Q

Schema

A

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event

26
Q

Semantic network

A

Consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

27
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency of a person to recall the first items in a series better than the middle items because they are rehearsed more

28
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency of a person to recall the last items in a series better than the middle items because they are still in echo

29
Q

Within-subject design

A

Where all participants in an experiment do both conditions of the independent variable

30
Q

Between-subject design

A

Where the various conditions of the independent variable are given to different groups of participants

31
Q

What are three reasons it is better to take notes handwriting than typing?

A

1) When typing, people tend to write more verbatim which means you don’t have to process it by writing it in your own words
2) Taking notes on the computer means that you aren’t encoding it into your brain with elaborative rehearsal
3) Get more kinaesthetic feedback from developing the letters when taking handwritten notes versus on the laptop

32
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over

33
Q

Where is most long-term memory stored?

A

Cortex near hippocampus right over your ears in the temporal lobe

34
Q

What is the anatomical system of retrieval?

A

Frontal lobe

35
Q

When do the hippocampi become fully myelinated?

A

5 years old

36
Q

What structure is responsible for classical conditioning?

A

Basal ganglia

37
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Lack of explicit memories from before the age of 5 years old

38
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Persistent increase in synaptic strength due to frequent activation. Thought to be a mechanism explaining long-term memory

39
Q

Retrograde messengers

A

A substance, such as CO or nitric oxide, that is released by a postsynaptic dendrite or cell body, and travels “backwards” across a chemical synapse to bind to the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron

40
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to remember information from a certain moment forward. i.e. in the case of HM whose hippocampi were suctioned out in an attempt to get rid of his seizures which it did but in the process caused his anterograde amnesia

41
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to remember information from a certain moment backwards

42
Q

How do Alzeimers and dementia affect memory?

A

All of the brain, with certain memory system included, are atrophied. This causes gradual, systemic retrograde amnesia where recent memories will go away first because they haven’t been solidified as much

43
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Stimuli that help you retrieve a certain memory

44
Q

State dependent learning

A

Phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed

45
Q

Retrieval induced forgetting

A

Every time you retrieve a memory, it is in an unstable state and susceptible to change. When you don’t retrieve all of it, you are now forgetting some when you pack it up to put away

46
Q

Recall

A

Retrieval of information from the past

47
Q

Recognition

A

Form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered

48
Q

Decay theory

A

Proposes that memory traces fade with time, but decay in long-term memory has proven hard to demonstrate

49
Q

Interference theory

A

Asserts that people forget information because of competition from other material, which has proven easy to demonstrate

50
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Where new learning interferes with previous learning

51
Q

Proactive interference

A

Where old information interferes with new learning

52
Q

Declarative memory

A

Handles recall of factual information, such as names, dates, events, and ideas

53
Q

Semantic memory system

A

Contains general knowledge that is not temporally dated

54
Q

Episodic memory system

A

Handles temporally dated recollections of personal experiences

55
Q

Non-declarative memory

A

Handles recall of actions, skills, and operations, such as riding a bike or typing

56
Q

Prospective memory

A

Involves remembering to perform actions in the future

57
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information

58
Q

What did Thompson’s research suggest?

A

Showed that specific memories may depend on localized neural circuits in the brain (memories may create unique, reusable pathways in the brain along which signals flow)

59
Q

What did Kandel discover?

A

Showed that reflex learning in the sea slug produces changes in the strength of specific synaptic connections by enhancing the availability and release of neurotransmitters at these synapses

60
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Process by which neurons or nerve cells are generated in the brain which may contribute to the sculpting of neural circuits for memory

PY100 Exam 2 (4 decks)

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