Hypo/Hypercalcaemia Flashcards
what is the presentation of hypocalcaemia? (SPASMODIC)
spasms perioral paraesthesia anxious seizures increased muscle tone confusion (orientation) dermatitis impetigo herpetiformis chovsteks, cardiomyopathy (increased QT interval)
what is the commonest cause of hypocalcaemia?
chronic renal failure
state some causes of hypocalcaemia with raised PO4?
Chronic kidney disease
hypoparathyroidism
reduced magnesium
acute rhabdomyolysis (Ca deposition in muscle)
state some causes of hypocalcaemia with lowered PO4?
osteomalacia
active pancreatitis
respiratory alkalosis
what is the treatment of hypocalcaemia with CKD?
alfacalcidol (1-OH-Vit D3)
what is the treatment of severe hypocalcaemia?
10ml 10% IV calcium gluconate over 30 mins
what is the presentation of hypercalcaemia?
stones, bones, groans, moans
renal stones, polyuria, polydipsia
bone pain, pathological fractures
abdo pain, constipation, pancreatitis
depression, confusion
what is the most common reasons for hypercalcaemia?
malignancy
hyperparathyroidism
state some causes of hypercalcaemia with raised PO4?
increased ALP
- bone mets
- sarcoidosis
- lithium
normal ALP
- myeloma
- sarcoidosis
- hypervitaminosis D
state some causes of hypercalcaemia with lowered PO4?
first or third degree hyperparathyroidism
familial benign hypercalciuria
what investigations should be done for hypercalcaemia ?
PTH levels FBC protein electrophoresis CXR bone scan
what medication can obscure the diagnosis of boney mets?
bisphosphonates
