Part 2 Flashcards
Crime Against Public Order
Elements: •Degree of compliance by the victim •Based off public moral principles •Concerned with the visibility of disorder •Definition changes over space and time
Prostitution & Legality
The exchange of sexual favours for money/other material goods
•It is not illegal for two adults to privately buy/sell sex
What is illegal (2014):
•Attempt to procure/solicit a person to have illicit sex (you can sell it but can’t talk about it)
•Lives wholly or in part of the avails of prostitution (can’t hire someone to advertise it for you)
•Keeper of a bawdy house (cannot own/be in charge of it)
Prostitution: Logic vs Reality of the Definition
Logic:
•To increase barrier to entry, protect the individual from exploitation (pimps), and to protect the adverse effect of exposure to prostitution (can’t arrange sex services)
Reality:
•Barriers dont change the demand
•Cost of operation is so high and involves many people (efficient, hard to track down money)
•Street prostitution may decrease, but exposure is often present through advertising (escorts, massages)
Prostitution Effects
- Is not eliminated, but makes it private (exploitation doesn’t go away)
- Sex trade workers have little rights, making it difficult to access resources (police, healthcare)
- Sex trade workers continue to experience abuse, violence, and poverty
Prostitution New Laws (Bill 36)
Purchasing offence:
•Illegal to purchase sexual services/communicate with the intention of buying sex
•Now criminalizing purchasers (decreasing demand)
•Punishment: up to 5 years in jail and fines at $500+
•It is not illegal to communicate/advertise yourself
Prostitution Summary
Juriststat: 1,073 cases of prostitution in 2014
•Less than 1% of other crimes (huge dark figure)
•Linked to organized crime
•Police do not get involved unless there’s public disturbance or the legal status of the worker is a concern (underage, refugee)
Measuring Prostitution
Methods:
•Interview experts: police, social worker, health services
•Counting: phone numbers (through websites/newspapers)
*Difficult because not always advertised
•Estimation: capture-recapture (population projection that estemates an at risk population)
*Used for people who are difficult to find (addicted, prostitutes)
Capture-Recapture
Began with animals (whales) N: total number of cases in the study population M: number of cases in the first sample C: number of cases in the second sample R: number of cases found in both samples N = MxC over R
Capture-Recapture: Assumptions and Problems
Assumes:
•The population is closed (no change)
•Cases sampled on both occasions can be identified and matched
•Each case has an equal chance of being included in each sample (equal matchability)
Problems:
•Interview experts’ geographic bias (knowing your city)
•Straight counting: do not advertise/extremely hidden
•Estimation: easy to violate assumptions
•Accuracy can be strengthened by triangulating sources
Sugar Arrangement
•Sugar daddy/mommy: successful person
•Sugar baby: attractive people with high standard
•Allowance: transaction covering sugar baby’s expenses
•2016: 1.2 million+ college students on seeking arrangements
Categories:
1) frank exchange of sex for money (no companionship)
2) long term sugar arrangements that include high companionship
3) hybrid: long term sex for money with little social companionship
Technology and Law
Canada: communicating in public for sex transactions is prohibited
•Websites: allow for private interaction
*should websites be held criminally responsible?
Public Order
Plastic Sexuality: increase of acceptance transitioning the idea from sex’s use for reproduction to expression
•Is sex immoral anymore?
Leading to the modern ideas such as:
•Commodification of sexuality: advertising, capitalism (buying things we want)
•Performance of sexuality (waitress, cheerleading)
•Neoliberal laws and policies: punished consumers to accept the consumption of sexuality (tourism, licences)
