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Chemistry 🧪 > 7. > Flashcards

7. Flashcards

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1
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A
  1. Microscopic plants and animals in the ocean die
  2. They fall to the seabed and get covered in a layer of mud
  3. More natural sediment falls
  4. This turns to rock as the temperature and pressure increase
  5. Decay happens without oxygen
  6. Crude oil forms
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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons, meaning the elements of mostly hydrogen and carbon aren’t chemically bonded together.

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3
Q

What are alkanes?

A

The simplest family of hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

What are some facts about methane?

A
  • 1 carbon
  • 4 hydrogens
  • CH4
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6
Q

What are some facts about ethane?

A
  • 2 carbons
  • 6 hydrogens
  • C2H6
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7
Q

What are some facts about propane?

A
  • 3 carbons
  • 8 hydrogens
  • C3H8
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8
Q

What are some facts about butane?

A
  • 4 carbons
  • 10 hydrogens
  • C4H10
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9
Q

What are some facts about pentane?

A
  • 5 carbons
  • 12 hydrogens
  • C5H12
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10
Q

What is the bonding in hydrocarbons?

A

Single covalent bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms

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11
Q

What are some properties of short chain hydrocarbons?

A
  • lower boiling point
  • higher volatility
  • low viscosity (runny)
  • higher flammability
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12
Q

What are some properties of long chain hydrocarbons?

A
  • higher boiling point
  • lower volatility
  • high viscosity (thick)
  • lower flammability
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13
Q

What are some uses of short chain hydrocarbons?

A

Good for fuels

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14
Q

What are some uses of long chain hydrocarbons?

A

Good for tarmac for roads

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15
Q

What is volatility?

A

The tendency to turn into a gas.

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16
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How easily it flows (how runny it is)

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17
Q

What happens as you go down the fractionating column?

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A
  • the boiling points increase
  • the fractions become more viscous
  • the flammability decreases
18
Q

What do hydrocarbons combust to form?

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A

Only CO2 and H2O as long as there is enough O2

19
Q

What is a fraction?

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A

A mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

20
Q

What are the stages of fractional distillation?

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A
  1. Crude oil is heated and enters the bottom of the fractionating column as a vapour
  2. The column is hottest at the bottom and coolest at the top
  3. The gases move up the column and the hydrocarbons condense at their boiling points
  4. The different fractions are collected as liquids at different levels
21
Q

What is the order of the size of molecules for hydrocarbons (smallest to biggest)?

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A

Refinery gases
Gasoline (petrol)
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
Bitumen/ residue

22
Q

What are refinery gases used for?

23
Q

What is gasoline used for?

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A

Fuel for cars

24
Q

What is naphtha used for?

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A

Making chemicals such as plastic

25
What is kerosene used for?
Aircraft fuel
26
What is diesel oil used for?
Fuel for cars, lorries, buses
27
What is fuel oil used for?
Fuel for ships and power stations
28
What is bitumen used for?
Waterproofing and tarmac
29
What is combustion?
A rapid reaction between a substance and oxygen that releases heat and light energy (burning)
30
What happens during combustion?
The carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
31
What is oxidation?
A reaction where oxygen is ADDED to an element.
32
What is reduction?
A reaction where oxygen is REMOVED from a compound.
33
What is complete combustion?
Complete combustion occurs when there is enough oxygen available for all the carbon atoms in the fuel to burn to form carbon dioxide.
34
What is incomplete combustion?
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is a shortage of oxygen. It produces carbon monoxide and water.
35
How do you test for combustion?
Carbon dioxide- bubble through limewater= cloudy Water- pH
36
Why are shorter chained fractions extremely useful?
There is a huge demand worldwide for petrol and diesel
37
What happens in cracking?
The longer chains are split into shorter chains, an alkane and alkene are produced.
38
What are the two methods of cracking?
Thermal- heating using steam and a high pressure Catalytic- zeolite is used with a lower temperature and pressure
39
What is special about an alkene?
They have one carbon to carbon double bond.
40
How do you test for alkenes?
As they are more reactive and react with bromine water, you can test for an alkene by putting bromine water on the suspected alkene. If the substance is an alkene the orange bromine water will turn colourless to show the molecule is unsaturated.
41
What is the formula for an alkene?
CnH2n

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