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Heritage 2 > 7-8 Stone Decay & Weathering > Flashcards

7-8 Stone Decay & Weathering Flashcards

1
Q

It is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals (silicates and non-silicates).

A

Stone

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2
Q

It is usually used as a building material because of its great durability and superior artistic quality.

A

Stone

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3
Q

It is a branch of geology that studies the origin,
composition, distribution and structure of rocks

A

Petrology

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4
Q

It is a branch of petrology that focuses on detailed description of rocks (shape and cleavage relief).

A

Petrography

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5
Q

Causes of Stone Decay:

A
  1. Earthquake
  2. Fire
  3. Terrorism
  4. Vandalism
  5. Neglect
  6. Tourism
  7. Previous Treatment
  8. Wind
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6
Q

(Other Factors) Causes of Stone Decay:

A
  • Flood
  • Rain
  • Frost
  • Temperature Fluctuations
  • Chemical Attack
  • Salt Growth
  • Pollution
  • Bio-deterioration
  • Intrinsic Factors
  • Maintenance
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7
Q

This significantly contribute to masonry decay by causing structural damage, mortar deteriorations and foundation issues.

A

Earthquake

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8
Q

High temperatures during a this can cause chemical changes in masonry materials.

A

Fire

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9
Q

This contribute masonry decay by causing physical damage, exposing structures to harsh environmental conditions.

A

Terrorism

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10
Q

This action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property, is willful or malicious destruction or defacement of public or private property.

A

Vandalism

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11
Q

This pertains of failure to care for properly, to pay no attention or too little attention to; disregard.

A

Neglect

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12
Q

Heavy tourist traffic may lead to wear and tear of the concrete floor surface, pollution caused by increase vehicular traffic, vandalism and theft.

A

Tourism

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13
Q

The harmful intervention or prior restoration works.

A

Previous Treatment

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14
Q

These forces can break the building’s load path or punch a hole in the building envelope. Can even pick debris up and projects it against the building envelope.

A

Wind

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15
Q

The process that breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical composition.

A

Physical Weathering

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16
Q

Physical Weathering is caused by factors such as:

A
  1. Thermal expansion & compression
  2. Frost disintegration
  3. Salt crystallization
  4. Biogenic physical impact
17
Q

This factor in physical weathering means change in temperature where the rock expands when temperature is increases, and rock contracts when temperature is decreases.

A

Thermal expansion and compression

18
Q

This factor of physical weathering means repeated cycle of ice formation and ice melt in the pore spaces and fractures of rocks; water freezes, volume increases by about 10%.

A

Frost disintegration

19
Q

This factor of physical weathering means groundwater moves into pores of rock by capillary action; water evaporates, salt crystals grow and accumulate, putting pressure on the rock; common in drier climates.

A

Salt crystallization

20
Q

This factor of physical weathering means plants can grow in cracks; the pressure of a confined growing root can make cracks in the rocks larger, and as roots grow they can break rocks apart.

A

Biogenic physical impact

21
Q

It is the weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by chemical reactions; also known as decomposition or decay.

A

Chemical Weathering

22
Q

Chemical Weathering is caused by factors such as:

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Carbonation
  3. Hydrosis
  4. Hydration
  5. Dehydration
23
Q

Reaction of rock minerals with Oxygen, changing the mineral composition of the rocks

A

Oxidation

24
Q

The process of rock minerals reacting with carbonic acid; carbonic acid dissolves or breaks down minerals in the rock

A

Carbonation

25
Q

Chemical reaction caused by water changes the chemical composition and size of minerals in rock

A

Hydrosis

26
Q

Absorption of water into the mineral structure

A

Hydration

27
Q

Removal of water from rock or mineral structures

A

Dehydration

28
Q

It is the weakening and subsequent disintegration or rock by plants, animals and microbes.

A

Biological Weathering

29
Q

Factors of Biological Weathering:

A
  1. Plant Roots
  2. Burrowing Animals
  3. Microbial Activity
30
Q

Breaks down rock minerals by altering the rock’s chemical composition, thus making it more susceptible to weathering. An example of this is lichen (fungi and algae)

A

Microbial Activity

31
Q

They move rock fragments to the surface, exposing the rock to more intense chemical, physical, and biological processes. Example of this are Piddock shells.

A

Burrowing animals

32
Q

Growing plant roots can exert stress or pressure on rock. Although the process is physical, the pressure is exerted by a biological process

A

Plant Roots

Heritage 2 (7 decks)

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