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Human Physiology > 7 > Flashcards

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1
Q

name 2 stypes of hormones

A

polypeptide hormones

steroid hormones

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2
Q

polypeptide hormones

A

made in secretory pathway
hormone stored in secretory vesicle
released by exocytosis in response to specific signals

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3
Q

what is the release of polypeptide hormones controlled by

A

SNARE proteins

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4
Q

what are steroid hormones derived of

A

cholesterol

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5
Q

what are steroid hormones products of

A

gonads, adrenal cortex, placenta

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6
Q

explain steroid hormone structure

A

lipid-soluble = diffuse directly out of the cell they are synthesized in

not water-soluble - reversibly bind to carrier proteins to be carried in the blood

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7
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

salt regulation in the kidneys - osmolarity of fluids

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8
Q

where are steroid hormones synthesized

A

adrenal cortex

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9
Q

what controls the adrenal cortex

A

anterior pituitary - release hormones - bind to GPCR =activated stimulates adenylate cyclase to convert ATP>cAMP which activates protein kinase A = phosphorylates other enzymes

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10
Q

where does cholesterol come from

A

LDL - taken up and broken down by cholesterol esterase > free cholesterol - go to INNER mitochondrial membrane = enzymes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones

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11
Q

what are gonads

A

sex hormones
testosterone
estradiol

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12
Q

how do you make gonads

A

cholesterol converted to ANDROSTENEDIONE
which is converted to Testosterone

AROMATASE converts
Androstenedione >ESTRONE
and Testosterone > Estradiol

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13
Q

what is the difference between testosterone and estradiol structure

A

aromatic ring

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14
Q

example of aromatase inhibitor and what is it used for

A

letrozole (aromatic ring looks like estrogen) used to treat estrogen-dependent ovarian/breast cancers

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15
Q

what are endocrine disrupters

A

chemicals interfere with hormones = mimic hormones

can have many forms (drugs, pesticides, DDT)

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16
Q

what do serum binding proteins do

A

reversible carries for steroids in blood = allowing the amount carried to be higher

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17
Q

what is the free form of steroid hormones

A

active form

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18
Q

what is the total conc of hormone (equation)

A

free form + bound form

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19
Q

what do synthetic testosterone agonists do

A 
mimic testosterone and bind to R = activates cell > increase in muscle mass 
// high levels = heart disease
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20
Q

what are amine hormones derived from

A

tyrosine

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21
Q

catecholamines structure

A

water-soluble = bind to CELL SURFACE receptors

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22
Q

thyroid hormones structure

A

water-insoluble = bind to NUCLEAR receptors (inside cell)

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23
Q

what is a similarity between catecholamine and polypeptide hormones

A

bind to cell surface receptors

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24
Q

what are 2 mechanisms of action of hormones

Study These Flashcards
A

directly modify existing functional proteins

stimulate new functional proteins to be synthesized = slower response

25
what are 2 properties of a hormone receptors
1. high affinity - low hormone concentrations (linear part of curve) 2. high specificity - receptors must distinguish between hormones
26
ionotropic receptors
ion channel (open/closes) - change vm
27
metabotropic receptors
activate G-proteins >>.
28
enzyme receptors
activated enzyme phosphorylates things
29
the benefit of second messengers
amplify the signal
30
what does glucagon do and how
increase blood glucose concentration (converts glycogen in liver>glucose) bind to GPCR to activate adenylyl cyclase
31
what does protein kinase A do
phosphorylates enzymes in the liver | = glycogen phosphorylase
32
what enzyme makes glycogen
glycogen synthase (phosphorylates by PKA > inactive)
33
explain the action of insulin
insulin binds to receptor - TYROSINE KINASE | = starts a phosphorylation cascade > GLUT 4 expressed on the surface
34
what does insulin do
increase glucose uptake by moving GLUT transporters to surface
35
explain egg production in chickens
hens have estrogen (steroid hormone) = regulates transcription of gene OVALBUMIN (major protein)
36
transcription of ovalbumin
no estrogen = no transcription estrogen binds to estrogen receptor complex bind to ovalbumin promoter =RNA polymerase initiate transcription
37
how can hormone be secreted from ECF
1. excreted by urine/feces | 2. inactivated by metabolism
38
explain insulin half life
``` immediate peak - cleared quickly = short half-life // protein-bound hormones - removal takes longer ```
39
the CNS has 2 components which release hormones
adrenal medulla = epinephrine - rapid response to stress pituitary gland - some rapid/slow sustained
40
what does the hypothalamus do
regulates homeostasis (receives many inputs)
41
anterior hypothalamic nucleus | lateral nucleus
thermoregulation | thirst/hunger
42
what connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus
INFUNDIBULUM
43
anterior pituitary (left side)
not neural tissue | collection of endocrine cells - regulated by the hypothalamus
44
posterior pituitary (right side)
extension of the hypothalamus - contains terminals of neurosecretory neurons (cell body in H // axon terminal in PP
45
how do hormones travel from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
blood flow from the H > AP neurons from H - terminus ends in portal vessels = release neuron hormone into portal vessels = carry directly into the AP
46
what hormones are released posterior pituitary
vasopressin (ADH) | oxytocin
47
where are vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin synthesized
in cell bodies of the neurons in the supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei
48
vasopressin
- amino acid peptide hormone - regulates smooth muscles - blood vessels to regulate blood pressure - acts on kidneys to regulate water retention (conc urine)
49
primary target of oxytocin
mammary gland: acts on sm > milk ejection suckling = PP > oxyctocin uterus - causes uterine contractions (acts as neuron: maternal behavior/social bonding/calm/content - MDMA)
50
what are tropic hormones
hormones stimulate other tissues to make other hormones
51
name some hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
``` FSH - gonads LH - gonads TSH - thyroid ACTH - adrenal cortex > cortisol Prolactin - breasts Growth hormone - liver/organs/tissues ```
52
the hypothalamus has controlling hormones for anterior pituitary
TRH - TSH CRH - ACTH
53
how are cortisol levels regulated
CRH from hypothalamus >> anterior pituitary ACTH from anterior pituitary >> adrenal cortex =>cortisol negative feedback on CRH/ACTH
54
explain childbirth - positive feedback
uterine contractions > oxytocin from posterior pituitary | = increase contractions
55
pituitary tumors
most benign - excessive hormone production > visual disturbances/headaches grow - compress surrounding tissues/production of other hormones
56
growth hormone deficiency
children - delayed growth / short stature adults - muscular weakness, fatigue, decreased bone mass, obesity
57
hypopituitarism
decrease in pituitary hormone production
58
hyperprolactinemia
pituitary tumor = secretes prolactin / prevents regulation = | = GALACTORRHEA, AMENORRHEA, decreased sex drive in men
59
empty sella syndrome
``` sella = surrounds pituitary gland increases in size = causes pressure on the gland // shrinks - hormone production decreases ```

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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