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Human Physiology > 8 > Flashcards

8 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what determines the Basal Metabolic Rate

A

thyroid hormone

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2
Q

what is the Basal Metabolic Rate

A

person at mental/physical rest, awake, good temp, fasted for 12 hours

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3
Q

how can carbohydrates be used to make ATP

A

glycogen > glucose > pyruvate > Krebs Cycle > Oxidative Phsophorylation > ATP

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4
Q

how can protein be used to make ATP

A

amino acids > remove amino group

  • > pyruvate
  • > enter Krebs cycle
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5
Q

how can fats be used to make ATP

A

triglycerides
glycerol - enter glycolysis
fatty acids - Acetyl coenzyme A

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6
Q

action of thyroid hormone

A

binds to NUCLEAR receptor = stimulates transcription of genes (enzymes for Oxidative Phosphorylation)

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7
Q

thyroid hormone what does it do

A

stimulates metabolic activities = increases BMR

increase body heat production

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8
Q

thyroid hormone: lipid metabolism

A

increased thyroid hormone levels => fat mobilization
increased conc of fatty acids in plasma
= enhance oxidation of fatty acids in tissues

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9
Q

thyroid hormone: carbohydrate metabolism

A 
thyroid hormone increases the insulin-dependent entry of glucose -> cells 
increases gluconeogenesis (glucose from proteins/FA)
increases glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown > glucose)
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10
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate

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11
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen breakdown > glucose

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12
Q

thyroid hormone: effects on growth/ development

A

essential - no hormone = tadpoles didn’t turn frogs

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13
Q

thyroid hormone: cardiovascular system

A

increases heart rate/output

promote vasodilation = increases blood flow to organs

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14
Q

thyroid hormone: CNS

A

levels affect mental state
little - mentally sluggish
too much - anxiety

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15
Q

what regulates the T3/T4 levels and how

A

the hypothalamus regulates T3/T4 levels by secretion of TRH

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16
Q

what effects does TSH have on the thyroid

A

stimulates T3/T4 release
stimulates T3/T4 synthesis
stimulates I- uptake
stimulates the growth of thyroid

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17
Q

how is thyroid hormone secreted

A

hypothalamus&raquo_space; TRH
anterior pituitary&raquo_space; TSH
thyroid&raquo_space; T3/T4

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18
Q

where do T3/T4 come from

A

TYROSINE

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19
Q

T4

A

THYROXINE - 4 molecules of iodine

most abundant

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20
Q

T3

A

TRI-IODOTHYRONIN - 3 molecules of iodine

more active

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21
Q

what enzyme converts T4 > T3

A

DEIODINASE

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22
Q

where is thyroglobulin produced

A

follicle cells of the thyroid

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23
Q

explain

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. iodine is cotransported with Na+ into follicle cell
  2. diffuses into the cell
  3. export thyroglobulin from follicle cell&raquo_space; colloid
  4. iodine is oxidized by THYROID PEROXIDASE and attached to rings of tyrosine in thyroglobulin
  5. iodinated ring of MIT/DIT is added to a DIT
  6. endocytosis of thyroglobulin containing T3/T4 > follicle
  7. lysosomal enzymes release T3/T4 from (Tg proteolysis)
  8. T3/T4 diffuse out of cell
24
Q

low T3/T4

Study These Flashcards
A

hypothyroidism:

  • lethargic, obese, low body temp, slow mentally
  • low iodine diet, autoimmune attack on follicle, pituitary dysfunction
  • T4 taken orally
25
cretinism
result of low T3/4 from birth - LOW mental intelligence
26
high T3/T4
hyperthyroidism + BMR/body temp, weight loss, anxious, bulging eyes -thyroid tumors, pituitary tumors, Graves disease
27
what are goiters
excessive growth of thyroid gland | =elevated TSH
28
two classes of hormone important for stress response
1. E / NE - products of autonomic nervous system - adrenal medulla (inner) =rapid 2. cortisol - steroid - adrenal cortex (outer) = long-term
29
nervous response to stress
preganglionic sympathetic fibers directly innervate heart/organs release NE = increase heart rate
30
hormonal response to stress
preganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate adrenal medulla = release ACh - affect postganglionic CHROMAFFIN = secrete E
31
what do chromaffin cells do
``` release NE/E into blood increase: heart rate blood flow to muscles respiration ``` decrease blood flow to kidney, liver, GI tract, skin
32
what does glucagon do
convert glycogen > glucose
33
cortisol is permissive on the action of NE/E what does this mean
one hormone must be present for the second hormone to exert its full effect
34
why is cortisol always being produced (even in non-stressed state)
- maintain gluconeogenesis in live to supply glucose between meals - permissive actions on NE/E - anti-inflammatory/anti-immune responses
35
catabolism
cellular breakdown of organic molecules
36
anabolism
cellular synthesis of organic molecules
37
what stimulates gluconeogenesis
cortisol | breakdown of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
38
what do changes in stress levels lead to
elevated cortisol production
39
what does cortisol do
``` stimulates proteolysis stimulates gluconeogenesis inhibits glucose by most tissues stimulates glycogen synthesis inhibits inflammation ```
40
what happens when you have low cortisol
Addison's disease | weakness, hypoglycemia, poor resistance to stress
41
what happens when you have too much cortisol
Crushing's disease hyperglycemia, protein loss, muscle atrophy, weak skin, poor immune, fat redistribution UNCONTROLLED CATABLOISM OF PROTEIN/FATS
42
what is body height determined by
long bone growth
43
growth of bones is restricted to the
EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATES | adult growth plates converted to bone - can't stimulate anymore
44
CHONDROCYTES
lay down cartilage within the plate
45
OSTEOBLASTS
convert cartilage to bone
46
what hormones influence growth
- pituitary growth hormone - thyroid hormone - testosterone/estrogen - insulin-like growth factor 1/2 - insulin
47
where is growth hormone produced and why is it important
anterior pituitary | determines linear growth
48
what does growth hormone do
increase muscle mass (protein synthesis) decrease fat (fat breakdown) decrease glucose uptake
49
too much growth hormone
gigantism - before puberty | acromegaly (epiphyseal plate closed, can't grow linearly -, bones in feet, hands, face grow)
50
what inhibits the release of Growth hormone
SOMATOSTATIN
51
explain production of growth hormone
hypothalamus >> GHRH anterior pituitary >> GH liver/cells >> IGF -1
52
how is high Ca2+ plasma regulated
osteoblasts - bone building - kidney excretion
53
what breaks down Ca2+ in bone
osteoclasts
54
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D
stimulates Ca2+ absorption in GI tract
55
what does the parathyroid hormone do
product of parathyroid gland released in response to decreased Ca2+ plasma stimulates osteoclasts activates vitamin D hydroxylation in kidney increases tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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