Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PANCE > 7. Endocrine > Flashcards

7. Endocrine Flashcards

(34 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Hormone Physiology Pathoway

Thyroid/Adrenal/Overies

A

Thyroid

  • TRH (HypoThalamus) -> TSH (Pituitary) -> T3/4 (Thyroid gland)
  • CRH (HypoThalamus) ->ACTH (Pituitary) -> Cortisol (Adrenal gland)
  • GnRH (HypoThalamus) ->FSH, LH (Pituitary) -> Overies - Estrogen, Progesterone, Testes - Testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypo vs Hyper thyroid

Sx

Radioactive iodine test (RAIU) results

A

Hypo (slow)

  • Cold intolerance
  • Dry skin, weight gain
  • Hypoactivity
  • Bradycardia

Hyper (fast)

  • Hot intolerance
  • Wet skin, warm
  • Hyperactivity
  • Tachycardia

RAIU results

  • Diffuse uptake - Graves (hyper)
  • Decrease uptake - Thyroditis (Hypo)
  • Hot nodule - Toxic adenoma
  • Multiple Nodules - Toxic Multinodular goiter
  • Cold Nodules - Rule out malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

New born infant with low thyrodism

Name/Tx

A

Name: Cretinism

Tx: Levothyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

LOW Free T3/4 + LOW TSH

Name/Dx

A

Name: Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

Dx: LOW free T3/4, LOW TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypermetabolic state (fever, tachycardia, A Fib)

Name/Dx/Tx/Overdose

A

Name: Thyroid Storm

Dx: TSH low, T3/4 high

Tx: Propanolol -> PTU(methimazole) -> Iodine -> hydrocortisone

Overdose: BB + Dexamethasone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bradycardia + hypoglycemia + hyponatremia

Name/Dx/Tx

A

Name: Myxedema crisis

Dx: HIGH TSH, LOW T3/4

Tx: IV Levothyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thryoid bruit + Lid lag + exophthalmos

Name/Dx/Tx

A

Name: Grave’s disease

Dx

  • TSH LOW, T3/4 High
  • Thyroid stimulating ab +
  • RAIU - Diffuse uptake

Tx

  • Iodine (MC)
  • Methimazole/PTU
  • Propanolol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enlarge thyroid + but no eye or skin change + Dysphagia

2 possible Name/Dx/Tx

A

Name: TMG (Toxic multinodular goiter)

Dx

  • LOW TSH, HIGH T3/4
  • RAIU - Patchy area high and low uptake

Name: TA (Thyroid adenoma)

Dx

  • LOW TSH, HIGH T3/4
  • RAIU - Local high uptake (Hot nodule)

Tx: Iodine, PTU (preferred in pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Difficulty swallowing due to enlarge thyroid + Cold Nodule

Name/Risk/PE(benign vs maligancy)/Dx/Tx

A

Name: Thyroid Nodule

Risk: age 60 or more

PE

  • Benign: smooth, firm
  • Maligant: rapid growth, fixed in place, no movement with swallowing

Dx

  • FNA with biopsy
  • RAIU - cold nodule (highly suspicious for malignancy)

Tx

  • Surgery
  • Observation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thyroid Ab present + High TSH, LOW T3/4

Name/Dx/Tx

A

Name: Hashimoto’s thyroditis

Dx

  • Thyroid ab presents
  • HIGH TSH, LOW T3/4

Tx: Levothyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Painful Tender Neck thyroid

Name/Cause/Dx/Tx/

A

Name: de QUERVAIN’s Thyroiditis

Cause: Post Viral infection

Dx: ESR high + No Thyroid Ab

Tx: ASA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thyroid Carcinoma type/Risk/MET/Tx

A
  • Papillary (MC)
    • Risk: hx of acne, radiation exposure
    • MET: Cervical lymph node
    • Tx: thyroidectomy
  • Follicular
    • Risk: hx of radiation exposure
    • MET: distant METS (lung, brain)
    • Tx: Thyroidectomy
  • Medullary
    • Risk: Not related with radiation exposure, associated with MEN2
    • Tx: Thyroidectomy
    • MET: early cervical lymph, later distant (lung, brain)
  • Anaplastic
    • Risk: hx of radiation exposure
    • MET: Trachea
    • Tx: chemo, No surgery
    • Most aggresive/poor prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stones, bones, abdominal, groans, psychic moans

Name/MC cause/PE/Dx/Tx

A

Name: Hyperparathyroidism

MC cause: Parathyroid adenoma

PE: decrease DTR

Dx: Serum Increase calcium + increase PTH + decrease Phophate

Tx: Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hx of thyroid surgery + Trousseau’s & Chvostek’s sign

Name/Dx/Tx

A

Name: Hypoparathyroidism

Etio: hx of thyroid surgery

Dx: Low calcium, Low PTH, High Phosphate

Tx: Calcium supplementation & Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prolonged QT interval + chvostek sign

2 type Name/Dx/Tx

A

2 type of hypocalcemia

  • Hypocalcemia + PTH low - MC hypoparathyroid
  • Hypocalcemia + PTH high - Vit D deficiency

Dx: Ca low + ECG - Prolong QT interval

Tx

  • Calcium gluconate IV - Severe
  • PO calcium + Vitamin D - mild
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Shortened QT interval + kidney stone + bones

2 type Name/Dx/Tx

Study These Flashcards
A

Name

  • Primary Hypercalcemia - High PTH, Low phosphate
  • Malignancy Hypercalcemia - Low PTH

Dx: Ca low + Shorten QT interval

Tx

  • Mild - No treatment needed
  • IV saline + furosemide (1st)
    • HCTZ avoid
  • calcitonin, bisphonates (severe)
17
Q

Post menopausal women + frequent fx + loss of vertebral height

Name/2 Major cause/Dx/Tx

Study These Flashcards
A

Name: Osteoporosis

2 Major Cause

  • Menopause
  • prolonged use of corticosteroid

Dx: Dexa scan (2.5 below osteoprosis, 1.0-2.5 ostepenia)

Tx: Bisphosphonate (alendronate) + Vit D

18
Q

Spontanous fx in childhood

Name/Other sx

Study These Flashcards
A

Name: Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Other sx: Blue tinted sclera, presenile deafness

19
Q

Long bone bowing or fontanel closure delay

2 type Name/Dx/Tx

Study These Flashcards
A

Name

  • Osteomalacia - bowing bone + adult
  • Rickett - fontanel delay closure, growth delay

Dx: Vit D low, Ca low, Phosphate low, Alkaline high

  • X-ray: looser line

Tx: Vit D

20
Q

Ca low, Phosphate high + bone pain

Name/Dx/Tx

Study These Flashcards
A

Name: Renal osteodystrophy

Dx: Lab PO4 high + Ca low

  • X-ray (salt and paper appearance of the skull)
  • Cystic brown tumor on biopsy

Tx: Phosphate binder + Vit D

21
Q

Hyperpigmentation + hx of corticosteriod usage

2 type name/Lab value/Dx/Tx

Study These Flashcards
A

Name: Chronic Adrenocortical insufficiency

  • Primary (addison) - Adrenal gland destruction
  • Secondary - exgenous steriod use MC

Lab: Hyponatremia + Hyperkalemia + Metabolic Acidosis

Dx

  1. ATCH @ 8am initial screening test (Normal - increase cortisol, No increase cortisol means addision possible)
  2. CRH given if low cortison to find any pituitary vs adrenal
    • ACTH rise + cortisol low (ACTH works so this is adrenal problem)
    • ACTH low + cortisol low (No effect on ACTH means pituitary problem)

Tx: Glucocorticoid (Hydrocortisone) + Mineralocorticoid (Fludrocortisone)

22
Q

Shock (low BP, hypovolumia) + hx of abruptive withdrawal of glucocorticoids

Name/Dx/Tx

Study These Flashcards
A

Name: Acute adrenal crisis

Dx: HyperK, HypoNa, Hypogly

Tx: IV normal saline + IV Corticosteriod

23
Q

Moon facies, buffalo hump

Name/Sx/Dx/Tx

Study These Flashcards
A

2 type name

  • Cushing syndrome - cortisol excessive
  • Cushing disease - pituitary adenoma

Sx: Moon facies, buffalo hump, central obesity, wasting extremities, belly striae

Dx: Screening initial

  • Dextametasone test (should be supressed cortisol level which means normal)
  • Cortisol collecting (24 hrs urine)
  • Salivary cortisol

If initial test is positive then go for Plasma ACTH Level check

  • ACTH level low - Adrenal adenoma or carcinoma
  • ACTH level normal high - Pituitary adenoma or Ectopic
    • High dose dexamethasone suppressing test (Dex supress the ACTH -> low cortisol (normal))
      • if high Dose DM does not effect - ectopic
      • if high Dose DM supress - Pituitary adrnoma

Tx

  • Cushing disease - transsphenoidal surgery
  • Ectopic ACTH tumor - tumor remove
  • Iatrogenic steriod therapy - Gradual tapering
24
Q

HTN + hypoK + polyuria

Name/Dx/Tx

Study These Flashcards
A

Name

  • 1° Hyperaldosteronism - idiopathic
  • 2° Hyperaldosteronism - Renal artery stenosis

Dx

  • Lab: HypoK
  • Renin ratio screening: ARR>20, Plasma aldosterone>20
  • Saline infusion test (Definitive)

Tx

  • Spironolactone
  • Angioplasty
25
Urine metanephrine presents Name/Sx/Dx/Tx
Name: Phechromocytoma Sx: PHE (palpitation, HA, Excessive sweating) Dx: 24h urinary catecholamine Tx: Complete adrenalectomy * Phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine first + BB (esmolol or labetalol)
26
Amenorrhea + Galactorrhea Name/Dx/Tx
Name: Prolactinomas Dx: MRI Tx: Carbergoline, Bromocriptine
27
Enlargement of Jaw, hand, Feet Name/Dx/Tx
Name: Somatotropinoma Dx: MRI Tx: Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) + Bromocriptine
28
Hx of spironolactone, ketoconazole + enlargement of breast in males Name/Risk/Tx
Name: Gynecomastia Risk: hx of spironolactone, ketoconazole Tx: SERM (selective estrogen modulators) - tamoxifen
29
Polyuria + Polydipsia + Polyphagia 3 type name/4 type Complication/Risk/Dx/Screening/Tx
3 type * Type 1 DM - Genetic, childhood DKA * Type 2 DM - insuline resistance, impairment of insulin * Gestational diabetes 4 type complication * Neuropathy * Retinopathy - cotton wool, dot, flamed shape hemorrage * Nephropathy - microalbuminuria * Macrovascular - may leads to CAD, PVD, stroke Risk - CHAOS * Chronic HTN, Atherosclerosis, Obesity, Stroke Dx * Fasting plasma glucose: 126\< * A1C: 6.5\< * 2hr glucose tolerance test: 200\< Screening * ADA: 45 q3 or BMI 25 above + 1 risk factor * USPSTF: any 40-70 BMI 25 above Tx * Diet (most important), exercise * Glucose - Hgb A1C \<7.0 * Lipid - LDL \<100, HDL \>40, TG \<150 * Neuropathy - gabapentin * Retinopathy - DM control * Nephropathy - ACE Inhibitors
30
Insulin Type/Onset time/Coverage Name
* Rapid acting/5-15min/same time of meal * Short acting/30-1h/give 30-60min before meal * Intermediate/2-4h/Half day * Long acting/6-8h/1 day Name * Rapid acting - lispro, aspart * Short acting - Regular * Intermediate * Humulin N, Novolin N (NPH) * Humulin L, Novolin L (Lente) * Long acting * Lantus, Levemir
31
Dawn Phenomenon vs Somogyi effect
Dawn - hyperglycemia middle of night (2am-8am) * Tx: give insulin before bed time Somogyi - hypoglycemia middle of night * Tx: decrease insuline before bed or give snack before bed time
32
* Bigunides Name/MOA/SE * Sulfonylureas Name/MOA/SE * Meglitides Name/MOA/SE * Alpha glucosidase inhibitors Name/MOA/SE * TZD Name/MOA/SE * GLP-1 agonist Name/MOA/SE * DDP4 Inhibitor Name/MOA * SGLT-2 inhibitor Name/MOA
* **Metformin**/hepatic production/Lactic acidosis, Cr\>1.5 * **Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride**/Pancreatic production/Hypoglycemia + weight gain + disulfiram like * **-glinide**/Pancreatic production/Hypoglycemia * **Acarbose, Miglitol**/Delays intestinal glucose absorption/Hepatitis * **-glitazone**/adipose & muscle tissue/MI(Avandia), CHF * **Exenatide, Liraglutide**/mimics incretin, Delay gastric empty/Contraindiacate hx of gastroparesis * **-gliptin**/inhibit GLP-1 degradation * **-gliflozin**/inhibit renal glucose threshold (urinary glucose excretion)
33
DKA vs HHS Patho/Sx/PE/Dx/Tx
Patho * Patho DKA: hypergly -\> dehydration -\>ketone -\> K low * Patho HHS: hypergly -\>dehydration -\> K low Sx * Special DKA - abd pain * Special HHS - mental change PE: DKA - kassmaul breathing, fruity with acetone smell Dx: HHS - 600\<, DKA - 250\< + ketone Tx 1. IV fluid saline 0.9 -\> glucose 250 -\> change to 0.45 2. Insulin 3. K repletion 4. Bicarb
34
Metabolic dx criteria
1. HDL \<40 2. BP \>135, \>85 3. Trigly \>150 4. blood sugar \>100 5. Waist \>40

PANCE (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions