7: Making A Just And Fair Canada Flashcards
(257 cards)
1
Q
What was the main issue debated regarding Asmahan?
A
Whether the treatment of Asmahan in sports was just and fair
This debate included perspectives on rules in sports and their implications for religious expression.
2
Q
What do some argue about the rules in sports?
A
That all games have rules that must be followed
This includes safety regulations such as prohibiting necklaces and earrings.
3
Q
What alternative to safety pins was suggested for Muslim girls’ sports hijabs?
A
A sports hijab fastened with velcro
This suggestion aims to meet both safety and religious needs.
4
Q
What do some believe about the referee’s decision regarding Asmahan?
A
That it was anti-Muslim and discriminatory
This perspective highlights concerns about religious discrimination in sports.
5
Q
What document do Canadians reference when discussing rights and freedoms?
A
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
This charter is invoked when rights or freedoms are perceived to be threatened.
6
Q
What do rights and freedoms in Canada express?
A
The values of Canadian society
These values include fairness, equality, and respect for diversity.
7
Q
How does the Charter of Rights and Freedoms contribute to fairness in Canada?
A
By protecting the rights and freedoms of all individuals
This includes safeguarding minority rights.
8
Q
Why is it important for the Charter to protect minority rights?
A
To ensure equality and prevent discrimination
Protecting minority rights promotes social justice and inclusivity.
9
Q
True or False: Athletes wearing hijabs are allowed to compete in the Olympic games.
A
True
This indicates a level of acceptance of religious practices in international sports.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: In Canada, rules that guide people’s behaviour are found in the _______.
A
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
This charter serves as a foundational document for rights and responsibilities.
11
Q
What does it mean to be interned?
A
To be forced to stay
Internment often involves confinement without trial or due process.
12
Q
Why were Hutterites considered ‘enemy aliens’?
A
Because they came from Europe and spoke a language similar to German
This classification occurred during a time of war, specifically World War I.
13
Q
What was the Canadian government’s stance regarding Japanese internment during World War II?
A
Many Japanese who were interned were Canadian citizens
This indicates a significant violation of civil rights during wartime.
14
Q
How has the perception of rights and freedoms changed over time?
A
Rights and freedoms that we take for granted today were not guaranteed by law in the past
This reflects the evolution of societal values regarding human rights.
15
Q
What was the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885?
A
It forced all Chinese immigrants to pay a $50 ‘head tax’ to enter Canada
The fee was raised to $500 by 1903, which was a substantial amount for workers at the time.
16
Q
What discrimination did Mr. Reynolds face in 1918?
A
He was refused a ticket in the best section of seats in a theatre because he was black
This incident highlights racial discrimination in public services.
17
Q
What did the War Measures Act allow during World War I?
A
Many people of Ukrainian descent were forced to live in internment camps
This act was later applied to Japanese Canadians during World War II.
18
Q
What was the purpose of the Alberta Land Sales Prohibition Act of 1942?
A
It made it illegal to sell land to a Hutterite or any ‘enemy alien’
This law reflects the prejudices and restrictions placed on specific groups during wartime.
19
Q
What happened to the Communist Party in Quebec in 1940?
A
The Communist Party was outlawed
This reflects the political restrictions and suppression of dissent during that period.
20
Q
Fill in the blank: In 1885, the federal government passed the _______ which forced all Chinese immigrants to pay a head tax.
A
Chinese Immigration Act
21
Q
True or False: The idea of fair treatment and basic rights was widely accepted in Canada 100 years ago.
A
False
At that time, many rights we consider fundamental today were not recognized.
22
Q
What belief did many Canadians hold about women and certain races in the past?
A
They believed that women and people of some races were inferior to men of European background.
23
Q
In what year were women officially recognized as ‘persons’ in Canada?
A
1929
24
Q
What did Canadians think about discrimination in the past?
A
They knew certain rules and laws were discriminatory but did not think that discrimination was wrong.
25
How have Canadian values and beliefs changed over time?
People began to think that everyone should be treated fairly and equally.
26
What impact did voting rights have on Canadian society?
Voting rights made people more equal members of society.
27
Which groups gradually received voting rights in Canada?
Women, Canadians of Asian descent, Inuit, and First Nations.
28
What global document influenced Canadian attitudes towards human rights?
The United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, passed in 1948.
29
What was the focus of Canadian immigration policy before 1965?
It encouraged only Europeans to come to Canada.
30
What change occurred in Canadian immigration policy as the country became more committed to human rights?
People of all ethnic backgrounds were allowed to immigrate.
31
What is the significance of Canada becoming a pluralistic country?
Prejudice is not tolerated.
32
Who was the main author of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
John Peters Humphrey.
33
Fill in the blank: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was passed in _______.
1948
34
True or False: Canadians historically thought discrimination was wrong.
False
35
What factors contributed to changes in Canadian society's attitude about rights and freedoms?
Gradual extension of voting rights, global changes in thinking about human rights, and changes in immigration policy.
36
What is the significance of the Saskatchewan Bill of Rights Act?
It was Canada's first general law that made discrimination illegal.
## Footnote
Enacted to promote equality and protect individuals from discrimination.
37
What rights and responsibilities are associated with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms?
* Legal rights - responsibility to obey the laws
* Freedom of expression - responsibility to respect others' rights
* Democratic rights - responsibility to vote
* Equality rights - responsibility to eliminate discrimination
## Footnote
These rights come with the expectation of responsible behavior in society.
38
What year did the Federal government pass the Canadian Bill of Rights?
1960
## Footnote
This was part of an effort to guarantee certain rights to all Canadians.
39
What was the purpose of the Ontario Femnale Employees Fair Remuneration Act passed in 1951?
To give women in Ontario equal pay for work of equal value.
## Footnote
This act aimed to address wage discrimination based on gender.
40
Who was the Prime Minister that wanted certain rights guaranteed to all Canadians?
John Diefenbaker
## Footnote
He played a crucial role in advancing the rights of Canadians through the Canadian Bill of Rights.
41
Fill in the blank: Today everybody has their rights and freedoms but for some reason we do not feel we have _______.
responsibilities
## Footnote
This highlights a perceived disconnect between rights and responsibilities in society.
42
What criteria should be used to decide when freedom of speech violates someone's rights?
It should consider the impact of speech on others' rights and freedoms.
## Footnote
This requires careful balancing of individual rights.
43
What does the timeline show regarding Canada's progress towards a fairer society?
It highlights important steps that made Canada a fairer, more just society.
## Footnote
This includes legislative measures and changes in social attitudes.
44
True or False: Societies are static and do not change their rights legislation over time.
False
## Footnote
Societies continually try to improve and learn from their history.
45
What is the responsibility associated with the Charter's democratic rights?
To vote in elections.
## Footnote
This emphasizes civic engagement and participation in democracy.
46
What is one responsibility linked to the Charter's equality rights?
To eliminate discrimination and injustice in our own behavior and in society.
## Footnote
This encourages proactive efforts to foster equality.
47
What year did Quebec pass the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms?
1975
48
What significant act did the federal government pass in 1977?
Canadian Human Rights Act
49
What does the Canadian Human Rights Act establish?
Canadian Human Rights Commission
50
What year was the Constitution Act signed by Queen Elizabeth II?
1982
51
What important document is included in the Constitution Act?
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
52
List the types of rights recognized in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
* Fundamental Freedoms
* Democratic Rights
* Mobility Rights
* Legal Rights
* Equality Rights
* Language Rights
* Other Rights
53
What freedom allows Canadians to follow any religion they choose?
Fundamental Freedoms
54
True or False: Citizens in Canada have the right to express their opinions in media.
True
55
What voting rights do citizens have according to the Charter?
Governments must sit at least once a year; no government can be in power for more than five years without an election.
56
Fill in the blank: Citizens have the right to _______ Canada and can move to any province or territory.
enter, remain in, or leave
57
What legal rights do individuals have when arrested or on trial?
Right to fair and equal treatment
58
True or False: Canada is officially a unilingual country.
False
59
In which two languages can people communicate with the Canadian government?
French and English
60
What are some of the official education rights based on?
The language they speak
61
What additional rights are mentioned in the Charter?
* Aboriginal rights
* Multicultural heritage
* Male and female equality rights
62
Explain how the rights and freedoms in the Charter support justice, equity, freedoms, and representation.
Rights and freedoms ensure fair treatment and representation for all individuals.
63
Why is it more difficult to change the Constitution than to change a statute?
It requires negotiation and agreement from provincial and federal leaders.
64
What was the purpose of entrenching rights in the Constitution Act?
To firmly establish and protect rights and freedoms.
65
What is the significance of the Canadian Bill of Rights?
It was an important step in protecting the rights of Canadians, but it was limited as a statute.
66
What limitation did the Canadian Bill of Rights have?
It could be changed and did not affect provincial laws.
67
What does the Constitution represent in Canada?
The highest law of the land that sets out rules for governance.
68
Who must be involved if changes to the Constitution involve Aboriginal rights?
First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.
69
How are Canada's official languages protected?
Their status, rights, and privileges are protected in all institutions of Parliament and government.
70
What is the role of the courts in relation to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms?
They make the final decision when individuals or groups claim unfair treatment under the Charter.
71
What does having the Charter entrenched in the Constitution mean?
No one, including the government, can take away the rights and freedoms of people in Canada.
72
Fill in the blank: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms shapes our __________ as a country.
[identity]
73
True or False: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is only a set of rules.
False
74
What belief is part of Canada's identity as reflected in the Charter?
A belief in fair treatment for all.
75
What is the significance of the Charter in relation to laws?
The Charter was entrenched in the Constitution, allowing some laws to change or be struck down more quickly when in conflict with it.
## Footnote
This can lead to quicker legal changes regarding rights and freedoms.
76
What should a person do if they believe their Charter rights have been violated?
They can challenge the law in provincial court after filing a complaint with the Ontario Human Rights Commission.
## Footnote
This process may involve multiple appeals until heard by the Supreme Court.
77
What is the role of the Supreme Court of Canada?
It is the highest court in Canada that hears cases raising important issues of law and interprets the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
## Footnote
The Supreme Court's decisions are final.
78
What does it mean to appeal a court decision?
To appeal means to ask a higher court to review a decision made by a lower court.
## Footnote
This can happen if one side believes the decision was unfair.
79
What happens after a case is taken to a provincial court?
The court makes a decision, and either side can appeal if they believe the decision was unfair.
## Footnote
This process allows for the possibility of higher courts reviewing lower court decisions.
80
What does the term 'interpret' mean in a legal context?
To interpret means to explain or make sense of something.
## Footnote
In legal terms, it often refers to understanding how a Charter right or freedom applies in a situation.
81
True or False: The Supreme Court of Canada can change decisions made by lower courts.
True.
## Footnote
The Supreme Court has the authority to overturn lower court decisions.
82
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the highest court in Canada.
[Supreme Court of Canada].
## Footnote
It is responsible for final interpretations of law and the Charter.
83
What might prompt the Supreme Court to interpret a Charter right?
A case that raises important issues of law or questions about how a Charter right applies in a particular situation.
## Footnote
Such interpretations can set precedents for future cases.
84
How many justices are there on the Supreme Court of Canada?
Nine justices
85
What must the Supreme Court justices consider when hearing an appeal involving a Charter right?
Three questions:
* Is that right or freedom protected in the Charter?
* Was there a good reason for the right to be taken away?
* Was a right or freedom taken away?
86
What case illustrates the appeal process and the application of the three questions by the Supreme Court of Canada?
The Sauvé Case
87
What did the Canada Elections Act of 1993 state regarding prison inmates?
Prison inmates serving two years or more could not vote
88
What was Richard Sauvé's argument against the Canada Elections Act?
It took away his democratic right to vote and his equality rights under the Charter
89
Fill in the blank: In 1995, Richard Sauvé was serving a _______ sentence for first-degree murder.
25-year
90
True or False: The Supreme Court of Canada has an even number of justices.
False
91
Why might there be an uneven number of justices on the Supreme Court?
To prevent tie votes in decision-making
92
How well do you think the Supreme Court reflects Canadian society?
93
What is the main purpose of the Supreme Court when it hears appeals related to the Charter?
To determine if an existing law conflicts with a section of the Charter
94
What was the outcome of the Federal Court ruling regarding inmates' voting rights in 1997?
All inmates were allowed to vote in the 1997 federal election
## Footnote
This ruling was a significant decision that initially expanded democratic participation for incarcerated individuals.
95
What happened in 1999 concerning the Federal Court of Appeal's decision?
The Federal Court of Appeal overturned the Federal Court's decision, and inmates serving two years or more could no longer vote
## Footnote
This reversal highlighted the ongoing legal battles regarding voting rights for inmates.
96
In what year did Mr. Sauvé appeal the Federal Court of Appeal decision?
2000
## Footnote
Sauvé's appeal led to a significant case being heard by the Supreme Court of Canada.
97
What was the primary argument presented by Sauvé in his appeal?
The law took away his democratic right to vote and denied him equality rights under the Charter
## Footnote
This argument was central to the case's legal and moral implications.
98
What was the Supreme Court of Canada's ruling in October 2002 regarding inmates' voting rights?
The government did not have good reason to deny inmates the right to vote, affirming their rights
## Footnote
The ruling was close, with a vote of five to four.
99
What reasons did the Court give for allowing inmates to vote?
To teach them 'democratic values' and 'social responsibility'
## Footnote
This reasoning underscored the belief in rehabilitation and civic engagement.
100
How do the justices of the Supreme Court of Canada approach Charter cases?
They consider each case carefully and discuss it among themselves
## Footnote
The deliberative process is crucial for ensuring justice and fairness.
101
What is the significance of the majority decision in the Supreme Court rulings?
The final ruling is based on what the majority of justices decide is right
## Footnote
This reflects the principle of majority rule in judicial decisions.
102
Why does the Supreme Court of Canada choose to hear cases of national importance?
To address significant legal issues that affect the country as a whole
## Footnote
This ensures that the Court's rulings have a broader impact on Canadian society.
103
Fill in the blank: The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in a vote of _____ that the government did not have good reason to deny inmates the right to vote.
five to four
## Footnote
This narrow margin indicates the contentious nature of the issue.
104
True or False: The Supreme Court of Canada always reaches unanimous decisions on Charter cases.
False
## Footnote
Justices may have differing opinions, leading to close votes.
105
What are collective rights?
Rights given to people because they belong to a specific group
## Footnote
Examples include rights of Aboriginal people and minority language speakers in Canada.
106
What significance did the Charter give to language and Aboriginal rights?
It gave them the same importance as fundamental freedoms such as religious freedom and freedom of expression.
107
Who are some groups that have collective rights in Canada?
* Aboriginal people
* Minority language speakers (e.g., French or English speakers in a province)
108
What issue did Francophones in the Ottawa area face regarding healthcare?
They faced communication problems when no one at the hospital spoke their language.
109
What was the only Francophone hospital in Ontario?
L'Hôpital Montfort
110
What was the Ontario government's plan regarding L'Hôpital Montfort in 1997?
To close L'Hôpital Montfort along with two other hospitals in the Ottawa area to save money.
111
What was the purpose of the group SOS Montfort?
To challenge the Ontario government's decision to close L'Hôpital Montfort.
112
What argument did SOS Montfort present regarding language rights?
They argued that the Charter gives minority communities the right to education and healthcare services in their own language.
113
What additional right did SOS Montfort claim for doctors?
Doctors should have the right to be trained in French.
114
True or False: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the right to education in any language.
False
115
Fill in the blank: Collective rights are important for groups such as _______.
[Aboriginal people]
116
What fundamental constitutional value was upheld in the ruling regarding I'Hôpital Montfort?
Respect for a protection of minorities.
117
How many Franco-Ontarians attended the rally to save I'Hôpital Montfort?
About 8000.
118
What was the main purpose of Bill 101 passed in 1977 in Québec?
To make French the only language allowed on commercial signs.
119
What was a key provision of Bill 86 introduced in 1993 in Québec?
Allowed English on outdoor commercial signs only if French lettering was at least twice as large.
120
Fill in the blank: French is a _______ language in North America.
minority
121
True or False: The Constitution explicitly protects the right to health care in both official languages.
False.
122
Which Québec Premier believed that Bill 101 was essential to Québec's Francophone identity?
René Lévesque.
123
What does the ruling about I'Hôpital Montfort imply about the province's obligations?
The province must leave I'Hôpital Montfort open.
124
What has been a significant point of debate regarding language laws in Québec?
The balance between preserving French and allowing English.
125
Fill in the blank: A final ruling regarding I'Hôpital Montfort was made in _______.
2001
126
What does Section 25 of the Charter focus on?
The collective rights of Canada's Aboriginal peoples
## Footnote
It guarantees that nothing in the Charter will take away from or cancel out any aboriginal, treaty, or other rights or freedoms that pertain to Aboriginal peoples of Canada.
127
What are the two sources of aboriginal rights and freedoms named in the Charter?
1. The Royal Proclamation of 1763
2. Land claims agreements
## Footnote
These agreements were in existence at the time the Charter came into law or those that would be acquired in the future.
128
What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 establish about First Nations?
First Nations are independent political groups entitled to their own government and territories
## Footnote
Their territories should not be taken over by the British without the agreement of First Nations.
129
What is considered part of the territory controlled by Britain according to the Royal Proclamation?
First Nations territories
## Footnote
These territories are recognized as part of the territory controlled by Britain.
130
What do land claims agreements describe?
Who owns land and the resources on it
## Footnote
Between 1750 and 1923, several treaties involving land were signed between the British and Canadian governments and Aboriginal people.
131
True or False: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 has caused confusion about land claim settlements for Aboriginal people.
True
## Footnote
This confusion persists even with the collective rights section of the Charter in place.
132
Fill in the blank: The three statements from the Royal Proclamation of 1763 have caused _______ about land claim settlements.
confusion
## Footnote
This confusion has led to much disagreement regarding the rights of Aboriginal peoples.
133
What has been a common action taken by First Nations, Inuit, and Métis regarding land claims?
Taking issues to court
## Footnote
Many issues resulting from treaties and other Aboriginal land claims have been brought to the judicial system.
134
What did explorers from European countries think of the Americas?
They thought of the Americas as being "empty territory" despite the presence of Aboriginal people.
## Footnote
This reflects a colonial mindset that disregarded existing inhabitants and their claims to land.
135
Who erected a cross at Gaspé on July 24, 1534?
Jacques Cartier erected the cross at Gaspé.
## Footnote
This act was to take possession of the territory in the name of François I of France.
136
What significant agreement did Alberta's Bigstone Cree Nation sign?
They signed an agreement-in-principle for the largest land claim settlement in Canadian history.
## Footnote
This agreement was with the provincial and federal governments.
137
When did negotiations for the land claim settlement by Chief Jim Boss start?
Negotiations started in 1902.
## Footnote
This long negotiation process reflects the complexities of land claims in Canada.
138
Who signed the land claim settlement agreement between the Ta'an Kwachan First Nation and the governments?
Hereditary chief Glenn Grady signed the agreement.
## Footnote
This agreement was a result of over 100 years of negotiations.
139
Fill in the blank: Europeans believed their claims on the land were more important than the claims of _______.
[Aboriginal people]
140
True or False: Jacques Cartier's act of erecting a cross was seen as a legitimate claim by Aboriginal people.
False
## Footnote
Aboriginal people had their own claims and perspectives on the land that were disregarded by Europeans.
141
What event is celebrated by the Canada Post stamp issued in 2001?
The 300th year of the signing of La Grande Paix de Montréal
## Footnote
La Grande Paix de Montréal was signed in 1701.
142
When did the negotiations for La Grande Paix de Montréal likely begin?
As early as 1697
## Footnote
This indicates the long history of Aboriginal collective rights in Canada.
143
What was the significance of the wampum during the negotiations?
It showed that the speakers' words could be trusted
## Footnote
Wampum was used as a symbol of trust in agreements among Indigenous peoples.
144
Who were the trading partners of the French colonists in North America?
First Nations such as Algonquin and Ouendat
## Footnote
These nations collaborated with the French in the fur trade.
145
Which nations were enemies of the Algonquin and Ouendat?
Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
## Footnote
These nations were part of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
146
What disrupted the fur trade and threatened French settlements at Montréal?
Warfare between the Haudenosaunee and the French and their allies
## Footnote
This conflict was significant for the development of French colonial interests.
147
Fill in the blank: The Great Peace of Montréal was signed in _______.
1701
148
True or False: All First Nations participants in La Grande Paix de Montréal were from the same Nation.
False
## Footnote
The participants represented multiple Nations with different alliances.
149
What was the population of Montréal at the time of La Grande Paix de Montréal?
About 1200 inhabitants
## Footnote
This reflects the small size of the settlement during that period.
150
How did the French colonists establish trade with First Nations?
By setting up fur-trading posts in what is now Québec and Ontario
## Footnote
This was a key factor in the colonial economy.
151
What major problem did the warfare cause for the French colonists?
It disrupted the fur trade
## Footnote
This disruption threatened the economic stability of the French settlement.
152
What was the main purpose of the treaties made by the French with the Haudenosaunee?
To stop warfare and protect trade.
153
Who was the Governor of New France that began new peace talks in 1700?
Louis-Hector de Callière.
154
How many First Nations did Callière invite to join the peace talks?
Approximately 40.
155
Where were the peace talks held in 1701?
Montréal.
156
What types of transportation did First Nations representatives use to travel to Montréal?
Foot, horseback, and canoe.
157
What were some First Nations representatives sent to Montréal for?
To talk about the treaty and trade furs.
158
Fill in the blank: Callière acted as the __________ of the French government when he invited First Nations to peace talks.
representative.
159
What role do ambassadors play in the context of the peace talks?
They represent their nations at meetings with officials from other nations.
160
True or False: The peace talks in 1701 involved only the allies of New France.
False.
161
List five First Nations that attended La Grande Paix de Montréal.
* Woods Cree
* Dakota
* Anishinabé
* Mohawk
* Innu
162
What did the French government’s invitation to First Nations indicate about their attitudes?
It indicated a willingness to engage in dialogue and partnership.
163
What was the significance of the summer trading fair for the First Nations?
It was an opportunity to trade furs.
164
What was the main purpose of the treaties made by the French with the Haudenosaunee?
To stop warfare and protect trade.
165
Who was the Governor of New France that began new peace talks in 1700?
Louis-Hector de Callière.
166
How many First Nations did Callière invite to join the peace talks?
Approximately 40.
167
Where were the peace talks held in 1701?
Montréal.
168
What types of transportation did First Nations representatives use to travel to Montréal?
Foot, horseback, and canoe.
169
What were some First Nations representatives sent to Montréal for?
To talk about the treaty and trade furs.
170
Fill in the blank: Callière acted as the __________ of the French government when he invited First Nations to peace talks.
representative.
171
What role do ambassadors play in the context of the peace talks?
They represent their nations at meetings with officials from other nations.
172
True or False: The peace talks in 1701 involved only the allies of New France.
False.
173
List five First Nations that attended La Grande Paix de Montréal.
* Woods Cree
* Dakota
* Anishinabé
* Mohawk
* Innu
174
What did the French government’s invitation to First Nations indicate about their attitudes?
It indicated a willingness to engage in dialogue and partnership.
175
What was the significance of the summer trading fair for the First Nations?
It was an opportunity to trade furs.
176
What symbol did the Menominee use for their nation?
A thunderbird holding a stalk of wild rice
## Footnote
This symbol reflects their cultural identity and connection to wild rice.
177
How did the French welcome the Menominee upon their arrival?
With great ceremony and cannon fire
## Footnote
This indicates the significance of the event and the relationship between the French and the Menominee.
178
What epidemic affected the attendance of First Nations people at the gathering?
Influenza
## Footnote
This disease was brought to North America by European settlers and had a devastating impact on First Nations communities.
179
How many canoes were forced to put in to shore due to illness?
Thirty out of a fleet of one hundred and eighty canoes
## Footnote
This highlights the severity of the influenza epidemic among the First Nations.
180
What does the name 'Odawa' signify?
They were traders
## Footnote
This reflects the cultural identity of the Odawa people as important participants in trade around the Great Lakes.
181
What was the significance of the fork symbol used by the Odawa?
It stood for the meeting of rivers in their territory
## Footnote
This symbolizes the geographical and cultural importance of trade routes for the Odawa.
182
What collective value do First Nations people hold regarding individual freedom?
The freedom to make decisions without being controlled by others
## Footnote
This emphasizes the balance between individual rights and community responsibility.
183
What was expected of individuals at the gathering regarding their freedom?
To act responsibly and for the good of the community
## Footnote
This reflects the communal values held by First Nations peoples.
184
What values did the First Nations prioritize during discussions about La Grande Paix de Montréal?
Discussion, compromise, cooperation, and consensus
## Footnote
These values are rooted in First Nations traditions and were crucial for negotiations.
185
How did the Iroquois use consensus in their decision-making?
At the Grand Council
## Footnote
This illustrates the importance of consensus in Iroquois governance and its influence on other First Nations.
186
Fill in the blank: The First Nations who gathered in Montréal valued _____ during negotiations.
consensus
## Footnote
Consensus is a foundational principle in many First Nations cultures for making collective decisions.
187
Who were chosen to represent the First Nations in Montréal?
Leaders and ambassadors skilled at speaking on behalf of their people
188
What was the primary role of the representative during the meeting?
To present a proposal and try to persuade others to agree
189
What was the expected behavior of participants during the discussions?
Everyone listened carefully without interruption
190
What did the speaker do if they needed to consult with advisors?
They would not give an answer until the next day
191
What do many historians agree was crucial for making the treaty possible?
The diplomacy of the First Nations representatives
192
What did the First Nations representatives agree to do during negotiations?
Give up some of their own wishes to be fair to everyone involved
193
What was achieved by the First Nations representatives through their negotiations?
Consensus on the final terms of the treaty
194
What does diplomacy mean?
The skilled management of discussion and agreement among groups
195
What type of treaty did the First Nations ambassadors sign?
A paper peace treaty prepared by the French
196
What did the First Nations ambassadors use to sign the treaty?
Symbols representing their Nations
197
Fill in the blank: Diplomacy means the skilled management of _______.
[discussion and agreement among groups]
198
What animals were represented in the symbols used by the First Nations ambassadors?
Specific animals were not mentioned in the text
199
True or False: The negotiations reflected democratic principles.
True
200
In what ways is decision making at the local and provincial levels of government similar to the negotiations during La Grande Paix de Montréal?
Specific similarities were not detailed in the text
201
Who was Kondiaronk?
A representative of the Ouendat-Petun First Nation and a respected speaker at the conference
## Footnote
Kondiaronk is also known as a politically adept chief and a visionary.
202
What was Kondiaronk's stance on peace?
He was a strong supporter of peace
## Footnote
His desire for peace was highlighted by his willingness to overcome obstacles to attend the conference.
203
What illness did Kondiaronk suffer from during the conference?
Influenza
## Footnote
Despite his illness, he spoke for hours in favor of the treaty.
204
When did Kondiaronk die?
The day after the conference
## Footnote
He was honored with a great funeral and procession.
205
What date was La Grande Paix de Montréal signed?
August 4, 1701
## Footnote
This treaty was a significant agreement between various First Nations and the French.
206
What were the main terms of La Grande Paix de Montréal? List them.
The main terms were:
* The Nations agreed to be allies and not make war on each other
* The Nations agreed that they could all use the hunting grounds north and west of Lake Ontario
* The French governor would settle future disagreements.
207
What symbolic objects did Governor Callière use to celebrate the treaty?
First Nations symbolic objects
## Footnote
This was a gesture to honor the First Nations' culture during the signing.
208
What did some First Nations ambassadors wear for the signing of the treaty?
Fancy European-style coats and traditional ceremonial dress
## Footnote
This attire represented a blend of cultural influences.
209
What did Governor Callière give each ambassador after the signing of the treaty?
A wampum of the treaty
## Footnote
This was a traditional item symbolizing the agreement.
210
What activity did French officials invite the First Nations ambassadors to participate in?
To smoke tobacco in a calumet
## Footnote
This was a ceremonial act representing peace and friendship.
211
Fill in the blank: Kondiaronk was described as 'a fine and politically adept chief...a genius with the utmost ______.'
vision
212
What was La Grande Paix de Montréal?
A treaty written through respectful negotiation.
213
What principle was recognized regarding the First Nations and the French in La Grande Paix?
Each was recognized as equal and independent nations with the right to make their own decisions.
214
What collective aspects were acknowledged in La Grande Paix?
The collective identity and collective rights of each party that signed the treaty.
215
What right of the First Nations was recognized by all parties in La Grande Paix?
The right to their traditional territory.
216
What happened to the collective rights of First Nations and Francophones over the centuries?
Many of their collective rights were taken away and their identities were not protected by law.
217
What did many Canadians recognize regarding First Nations and Francophones?
They had been treated unfairly.
218
What opportunity did the Charter introduced in 1982 provide?
A chance to correct past injustices to the First Nations.
219
What rights were entrenched in the Constitution by the Charter?
Treaty rights and the rights of Canada's first peoples.
220
What was the significance of the rights entrenched in the Constitution for First Nations and Inuit?
They could never be taken away again.
221
What did the entrenchment of rights encourage First Nations and Inuit to do?
Bargain with the federal government for self-governance and control of their lands.
222
What was created in Montréal's Botanical Garden in 2001?
The First Nations Garden to celebrate La Grande Paix.
223
How did the people of Montréal celebrate the 300-year-old treaty in 2001?
With a re-enactment and an exhibition of the treaty document and artifacts.
224
What did newspapers refer to La Grande Paix de Montréal as?
Canada's first multicultural gathering.
225
Fill in the blank: La Grande Paix de Montréal was a treaty that was written through _______.
[respectful negotiation]
226
True or False: The Charter introduced in 1982 allowed for the collective rights of First Nations to be taken away.
False
227
Why is it important for Canadians to remember La Grande Paix de Montréal?
To recognize and honor the historical agreements and relationships between nations.
228
What was La Grande Paix de Montréal?
A treaty written through respectful negotiation.
229
What principle was recognized regarding the First Nations and the French in La Grande Paix?
Each was recognized as equal and independent nations with the right to make their own decisions.
230
What collective aspects were acknowledged in La Grande Paix?
The collective identity and collective rights of each party that signed the treaty.
231
What right of the First Nations was recognized by all parties in La Grande Paix?
The right to their traditional territory.
232
What happened to the collective rights of First Nations and Francophones over the centuries?
Many of their collective rights were taken away and their identities were not protected by law.
233
What did many Canadians recognize regarding First Nations and Francophones?
They had been treated unfairly.
234
What opportunity did the Charter introduced in 1982 provide?
A chance to correct past injustices to the First Nations.
235
What rights were entrenched in the Constitution by the Charter?
Treaty rights and the rights of Canada's first peoples.
236
What was the significance of the rights entrenched in the Constitution for First Nations and Inuit?
They could never be taken away again.
237
What did the entrenchment of rights encourage First Nations and Inuit to do?
Bargain with the federal government for self-governance and control of their lands.
238
What was created in Montréal's Botanical Garden in 2001?
The First Nations Garden to celebrate La Grande Paix.
239
How did the people of Montréal celebrate the 300-year-old treaty in 2001?
With a re-enactment and an exhibition of the treaty document and artifacts.
240
What did newspapers refer to La Grande Paix de Montréal as?
Canada's first multicultural gathering.
241
Fill in the blank: La Grande Paix de Montréal was a treaty that was written through _______.
[respectful negotiation]
242
True or False: The Charter introduced in 1982 allowed for the collective rights of First Nations to be taken away.
False
243
Why is it important for Canadians to remember La Grande Paix de Montréal?
To recognize and honor the historical agreements and relationships between nations.
244
Who appoints the Commissioner in Nunavut?
The federal government
## Footnote
The Commissioner in Nunavut takes on a role similar to that of the Lieutenant-Governor in provincial governments.
245
What is the basis of the government in Nunavut?
Inuit traditions
## Footnote
The governance structure is influenced by the customs and practices of the Inuit people.
246
What is the political structure in Nunavut regarding political parties?
There are no political parties
## Footnote
Members are elected individually to represent their communities.
247
How is the premier of Nunavut selected?
Elected by the Legislative Assembly
## Footnote
The premier is a member of the Legislative Assembly.
248
What is a plebiscite?
A direct vote on a decision affecting the people
## Footnote
It is similar to a referendum.
249
What historical governance situation did the Inuit face before the 1970s?
Limited say in their governance
## Footnote
Inuit lived in the Northwest Territories and northern Québec and Labrador under distant governmental control.
250
What did Inuit leader Paul Okalik state about Inuit governance prior to European arrival?
Inuit were free to govern their own lives
## Footnote
They managed their land and resources according to their needs and customs.
251
What unfair situation did the Inuit face with the federal government?
Lack of understanding of their customs
## Footnote
The federal government moved Inuit into settlements far from their traditional lands.
252
What significant event took place in 1982 in the Northwest Territories?
A plebiscite to decide the division of the territory
## Footnote
A majority voted in favor of the division.
253
What agreement was signed in 1993?
The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement
## Footnote
This agreement created Nunavut as a distinct territory.
254
What was chosen through a plebiscite in 1995?
The capital of Nunavut, Iqaluit
## Footnote
This decision was made by the residents of Nunavut.
255
When was the first territorial government of Nunavut elected?
In 1999
## Footnote
This marked a significant step in self-governance for the Inuit.
256
What does the term 'Nunavut' mean in Inuktitut?
'Our land'
## Footnote
It reflects the connection of the Inuit people to their territory.
257
What are the people living in Nunavut called?
Nunavummiut
## Footnote
This term specifically refers to the residents of Nunavut.
