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Chemistry > 7. Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

7. Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(35 cards)

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1
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A
  • Microscopic plants and animals in the ocean die
  • Dead plants and animals fall to the seabed
  • Dead plants and animals are covered in a layer of mud
  • More sediment falls
  • This turns to rock as the temperature and pressure increase
  • Decay happens without oxygen
  • Crude oil forms
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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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3
Q

What are alkanes?

A

The simplest type of hydrocarbon that are saturated with single covalent bonds

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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5
Q

List the first 5 alkanes and what is their formula?

A
  • Methane: CH4
  • Ethane: C2H6
  • Propane: C3H8
  • Butane: C4H10
  • Pentane: C5H12
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6
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What are the properties of short chain hydrocarbons?

A
  • More runny (less viscous)
  • More volatile (turns into a gas at a lower temp)
  • Lower melting and boiling points
  • More flammable
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8
Q

What are the properties of long chain hydrocarbons?

A
  • Less runny (more viscous)
  • Less volatile
  • Higher melting and boiling points
  • Less flammable
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9
Q

How are different fractions of crude oil separated?

A

Using fractional distillation

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10
Q

Where do the shorter chain hydrocarbons end up in the fractionating collumn?

A

At the top

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11
Q

What is a use of shorter chain hydrocarbons?

A

Fuels

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12
Q

What is a use for longer chain hydrocarbons?

A

Tarmac

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13
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A
  1. Crude oil is heated and enters the bottom of the fractionating column as a vapour
  2. The column is hottest at the bottom and coolest at the top
  3. The gases move up the column and the hydrocarbons condense at their boiling points
  4. The different fractions are collected as liquids at different levels
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14
Q

What is the order of the fractions of crude oil separated by fractional distillation in order from smallest to largest molecule?

A
  • Refinery gases
  • Petrol
  • Naphtha
  • Kerosene
  • Diesel oil
  • Fuel oil
  • Bitumen (residue)
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15
Q

What is a use of refinery gases?

A

Bottled gas

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16
Q

What is a use of petrol?

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A

Fuel for cars

17
Q

What is a use of naphtha?

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A

Making chemicals such as plastic

18
Q

What is a use of kerosene?

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A

Aircraft fuel

19
Q

What is a use of diesel oil?

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A

Fuel for cars, lorries and buses

20
Q

What is a use of fuel oil?

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A

Fuel for ships and power stations

21
Q

What is a use of bitumen?

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A

Waterproofing and tarmac

22
Q

What is combustion?

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A

A rapid reaction between a substance and oxygen that releases heat and light energy

23
Q

What happens during the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

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A

The carbon and hydrogen are oxidised

24
Q

What is a reaction called when oxygen is added?

25
What is a reaction called when oxygen is removed?
Reduction
26
What is the equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
27
What is the equation for the INcomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon MONOXIDE + water
28
Why is cracking so important in the economy?
It splits longer chain molecules into shorter chain molecules which are in higher demand
29
What are the 2 types of cracking and how do they work?
Thermal cracking: Involves heating to high temperatures and using steam and a high pressure Catalystic cracking: Involves using a catalyst and a lower pressure and temperature - Both involve vapourising the molecules first
30
What is the catalyst used in catalystic cracking?
A hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst Zeolite?
31
What are alkenes?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double covalent bond between 2 carbon atoms
32
How can you test to see if a substance is unsaturated?
As they are more reactive than alkanes and react with bromine water, you can test for an alkene by putting bromine water on the suspected alkene. If the substance is an alkene the orange bromine water will turn colourless to show the molecule is unsaturated.
33
What is the general formula for an alkene?
CnH2n
34
What is volatility?
The tendency to turn into a gas.
35
What type of reaction is cracking?
Thermal decomposition reaction

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