7. Pediatric HTN Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

What occurs when a patient with BP levels >95th percentile occur in a physicians office or clinic, but is normotensive outside a clinical setting?

A

White-Coat Hypertension

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2
Q

What occurs when a patient with BP levels >95% outside of the office or clinic, but is normotensive in the clinical setting?

A

Masked hypertension

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3
Q

What has caused an increased prevalence of primary hypertension in older school aged children?

A

Obesity

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4
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy LVH is the most prominent evidence of target organ damage in children and adolescents, what is the primary tool for assesing prevalence or absence of LVH?

A

ECHOCARDIOGRAPH NOT EKG

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5
Q

What occurs in the following situations…
Blood pressure cuff is too small..?
Blood pressure cuff is too large..?

A

Small = artificial elevation of the BP

Large+ artificial lowering of the BP

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6
Q

What is the presence of 5 or more RBCs per high power field in 3 consecutive fresh centrifuged specimens obtained over the span of a few weeks?

A

Hematuria

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7
Q
The following do what?
Rifambin
Nitrofurantion
Pyridium
Sulfa drugs
Beets
Rhubarb
Fruit Juices
A

COLOR THE URINE

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8
Q

In newborns, uric acid crystals in the urine cause a brick red color in the diaper, which is mainly caused by?

A

Dehydration

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9
Q

Urinanalysis are often done as part of a pre-participation physical at usually what age?

A

5

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10
Q

A UA can only tell you if there is myoglobin and hemoglobin within the urine, what do you need to order to tell if there are RBCs?

A

UA with micro*

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11
Q

What is characterized by recent strep throat, follow by hematuria, HTN, edema, proteinuria, +ASO titer, low serum complement C3, and deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli?

A

Post Infectious Acute Glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

How does one treat post infectious acute glomerulonephritis?

A

Supportive Care!

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13
Q

What disease is characterized by hematuria, abdominal pain, blood stool, palpable purpura, hives, emisis, diarrhea?

A

Henoch Shonlein Purpura

IgA vasculitis

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14
Q

In HSP, the development of proteinuria along with hematuria is prognostically indicative of potential long term?

A

RENAL DAMAGE

Tx: steroids work only once

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15
Q
What can be expected with the following presentations...
Fever with no cause found on PE************
Decreased intake
Smelly Urine
Dark Urine
Stomach Pain
Frequency/Urgency
Dysuria
Loss of control
A

UTI in children

***if fever with no explanation after PE then UTI - get urinalysis

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16
Q

What are the two most common genitourinary abonormalities associated with UTIs that do not respond to therapy?

A

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ)

Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) - MALES ONLY

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17
Q

In obtaining a urine sample when UTI is suspected, what is needed from the child in order to obtain a clean catch urine sample?

A

The child to void on command

18
Q

If the child is unable to void on command, one can perform suprapubic aspiration, or what, which is the most common?

A

Catheterization

19
Q

What urine samples are only helpful if they are negative, and are NOT appropriate for culture?

A

Bag urine samples

*obtain urine before giving abx

20
Q

For Dx of UTI, urine obtained by clean catch with the presence of both what, and at least 50,000 colonies per ml of a single uropathogenic organism?

21
Q

For dx of UTI, urine obtained via catheter, pyuria and how much colonies per ml CPM must be present?

A

50,000 or 10-15000 confirmed by repeat culture

22
Q

What enzyme is present in the urine, and is positive when WBC is high in the urine, signaling inflammation and infection in the kidney or urinary tract?

A

Leukocyte Esterase

23
Q

When screening for the presence of UTI, what is positive due to certain types of bacteria, including **E.COLI **, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, etc?

24
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of UTI in children? What is the most common bacterial cause of ear infection or pneumonia in children?

A

UTI: E Coli

Ear infection/Pneumonia: Steptococcus Pneumonia

25
If a child is not acutely ill and tolerating by mouth, try oral antibiotics like what, which kills gram negative species?
First Gen Cephalosporin (cefixime/cefdinir)
26
If a child is acutely ill or not tolerating PO, the give parenteral what, adding ampicillin if enterococcus is suspected?
Third generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone)
27
When would one image the urinary tract of a boy? of a girl?
Boys: after the first UTI (bc very uncommon for boys to get) girls: after the second or third
28
Imaging for UTIs is a renal and bladder ultrasound including VCUG if anaomlies are seen. What does VCUG stand for?
Voiding cystourethrography
29
``` VCUG is used to test for vesicoureteral reflux.... Grade 1 VUR: half ureter Grade 2: Ureter and pelvis Grade 3: Ureter, pelvis, calyces Grade 4/5:? ```
major dilitation of the ureter and kidney
30
``` All of the following should direct you to do what? VUR grade 3-5 obstructive uropathy present renal abnormalities kidney fucntion impaired HTN ```
REFFERAL TO UROLOGIST/NEPHROLOGIST
31
What type of murmur decreases in intensity when the child stands? NOTE: most pathologic murmurs do not change significantly with standing
Stills murmur (vibratory functional murmur) innocent*
32
What is the one murmur which increases in intensity when standing and increases with valsalva maneuver, known as a harsh crescendo-decresecendo systolic murmur heard best at the LSB and apex?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
33
The most common holocystolic murmur is due to a VSD, what type of murmurs are almost alway pathologic?
DIASTOLIC murmurs
34
``` The following should direct you to do what? grade 4 murmur diastolic murmur symptomatic murmur heart sounds obscured femoral pulses weak Clicks fam hx of sudden death at young age Extra heart sounds except S3 in young ```
REFER TO CARDIOLOGIST
35
What is the most common defect in downs?
ASD: fixed splitting of S2 VSD: holosystolic
36
The follow are what type of congenital heart diseases? Truncus Arteriosus Transposition of great vessels Tricuspid Atresia Tetralogy of Fallot Total anomalous pulmonary vascular return
Cyanotic Right to Left shift
37
``` The follow are what type of congenital heart diseases? ASD VSD PDA Coarctation of the aorta ```
Acyanotic Left to Right shift
38
Dx of critical congenital heart disease in the nursery using oxygen saturation, what are the types of lesions that are looked for?
ductal dependent lesions (all cyanotic)
39
If the pulse oximetry of a newborn on the right foot or hand is less than 90%, or is the O2 saturation is 90-95 in hand/foot or >3% difference between both after 3 screenings, what occurs?
baby has failed screening and needs further workup
40
``` The follow is a Ddx for what kind of baby? Fever Hypovolemia RDS **CARDIAC LESION** ```
Tachypnea
41
What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect, which pulmonary stenosis, RVH, overriding aorta, and ventricular septal defect?
Tetrology of Fallot TOF*