7 - Reverse Transcription

Question 1

virus genome not observed

Answer 1

virus genome is observed in all types EXCEPT circular, double-stranded RNA

Question 2

retrovirus

Answer 2

a virus that inserts its RNA genome that is used to create complementary DNA

Question 3

polymerase

Answer 3

DNA polymerase that can create DNA or RNA template

Question 4

nuclease

Answer 4

enzymes that cleaves RNA only if it’s in an ENA/DNA complex

Question 5

reverse transcriptase

Answer 5

DNA polymerase that makes a DNA from viral RNA, destroy the RNA, then use the newly synthesized DNA to make double-helical DNA

Question 6

HIV inhibitors

Answer 6

• entry inhibitors
• nukes and non-nukes
• integrase inhibitors
• protease inhibitors

Question 7

entry inhibitors

Answer 7

• blocks HIV from entering the cell
• attachment inhibitors
• CCR5 inhibitors

Question 8

nukes and non-nukes (NRTIs or NNRTIs)

Answer 8

• inhibits HIV from changing ss RNA to ds DNA
• nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
• non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Question 9

integrase inihibitors (INIs)

Answer 9

inhibits HIV from being integrated into DNA

Question 10

protease inhibitors (PIs)

Answer 10

inhibits newly synthesized HIV from forming long molecules that can be infectious

Question 11

anti-viral drugs

Answer 11

tricks polymerase into adding a blocker to inhibit DNA synthesis

Question 12

HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Answer 12

• NRTIs (nukes) that contains no 3’OH, therefore DNA synthesis will be terminated
• stops reverse transcriptase BUT will not stop DNA polymerase

Question 13

prodrugs

Answer 13

• drugs that must be metabolized (in most cases, phosphorylated) to work as a drug
• triphosphorylated inhibitors will act as competitive inhibitors that terminated DNA extension

Question 14

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)

Answer 14

• virus that’s similar to ALV (evolved from) but causes cancer by blocking contact inhibition
• has one more gene, src, that causes sarcoma to develop

Question 15

Avian Leukosis virus (ALV)

Answer 15

does not cause tumor formation

Question 16

contact inhibition

Answer 16

cells stop growing when they touch each other

Question 17

src gene

Answer 17

an oncogene that causes sarcoma

Question 18

oncogene

Answer 18

transforms normal cell into a cancer cell

Question 19

RSV evolution from ALV

Answer 19

accidental incorporation of adjacent c-src gene in chicken

Question 20

telomerase

Answer 20

performs reverse transcription by extending telomeres through repeated DNA synthesis (uses RNA template to extend DNA)

Question 21

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Answer 21

• not reverse transcription

- RNA makes more RNA (not DNA), therefore RNA is read directly

Question 22

remdesivir

Answer 22

• more effective inhibitor for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

- a prodrug modified to triphosphate that will position 3’OH in the wrong way, successfully inhibiting DNA synthesis