7: Self-Awareness & Affiliation

Question 1

What are the 5 (6) levels of self-awareness in early life?

Answer 1

× Level 0: confusion
× Level 1: differentiation
× Level 2: situation
× Level 3: identification
× Level 4: permanence
× Level 5: self-consciousness or “meta” self-awareness

Question 2

What defines level 0 of self-awareness?

Answer 2

oblivious to reflections of oneself

Question 3

what defines level 1 (differentiation) of self-awareness?

Answer 3

difference between ourselves & others
- tongue sticking out copying in newborn babies study (unreplicated)
- 24-hour-old babies differentiate when some touches their cheek vs. when they touch their own cheek

Question 4

what defines level 2 (situation) of self-awareness?

Answer 4

Babies begin to understand how their bodies are situated in relation to other objects in the world.
- By 6 weeks, imitation becomes more fine-tuned
- By 2 months, they engage in protoconversations
- By 2-4 months of age infants are aware that they can control objects.

Question 5

what defines level 3 (identification) of self-awareness?

Answer 5

Understand our own refection and how we’re supposed to look - red spot on face in mirror experiment.
9 to 12-month-olds: did not touch their nose.
15- to 18-month-olds: a minority touched their noses.
21- to 24-month-olds: 70% - 73% touched their nose.

Question 6

what defines level 4 (permanence) of self-awareness?

Answer 6

Recognising yourself at different time periods (eg pictures of you when you were a baby)
Me-but-not-me dilemma: “Me” as another.

Question 7

what defines level 4 (permanence) of self-awareness?

Answer 7

Others in mind: Evaluative and the metacognitive self-awareness at age 4-5.
Hold multiple representations and perspectives on objects and people - Eg my older brother thinks I’m short and my little sister things I’m big
Showing “embarrassment” for their image = self-conscious how others might see them.
Corresponds to the developmental period of false belief understanding (theory of mind).

Question 8

Is the mirror recognition study universal?

Answer 8

Cameroon & Kenya had some of the lowest passing rates compared to Costa Rica, Germany and Greece at the top

Question 9

Why are there cultural differences in the mirror recognition test?

Answer 9

Parenting styles- maternal contingent responsiveness: parents will always attend to what their child is attending to
Less exposure to mirrors
General lack of expressivity
Confused about what is expected from them.

Question 10

By what age can most children recognise themself in a mirror?

Answer 10

18 months

Question 11

define: selective imitation

Answer 11

copy intentional acts and not accidental acts or failed attempts (rational acts)

Question 12

define: over imitation

Answer 12

children copy the full action even if only part of it was necessary for the success to learn about the objects/act

Question 13

how do chimps differ from humans in regards to over imitation?

Answer 13

CHIMPANZEES imitated only the necessary actions, not the unnecessary actions
CHILDREN imitated all actions, including the unnecessary actions

Question 14

What are the social motivations for imitation?

Answer 14

usually faithful and conveys social information such as:
“I am like you”
at a group level, “I am one of you”
competition “I can do that too”
empathetic “I feel your pain”

Question 15

How does watching ostracisms influence imitation in children?

Answer 15

Children who watched the ostracism videos imitated more (and more faithfully) than children who watched the control videos. Ostracism elicits affiliative behaviour.
Children were even sensitive to inanimate objects being ostracised

Question 16

Describe the ostracism drawing study

Answer 16

Children in the ostracism condition drew themselves and their friend standing significantly closer together.

Question 17

How do children display reputation management in studies?

Answer 17

When observed: Children stole less and helped more.
When unobserved: Children stole more and helped less.