7. Social Development in Adolescence Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the psychosocial development that occurs during adolescence characterised by?
- identity formation
- development of autonomy
- future orientation (e.g ability to set future goals/plans)
What did Erikson propose about psychosocial development?
- people progress through 8 stages
- during each stage people face a developmental conflict which they must resolve to develop the ‘primary virtue’ of that stage
- interested in how social interactions and relationships affect developmental growth
What are the contrary dispositions found in Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development?
dystonic:
- disposition/behaviour that conflicts with ones belief and will
syntonic:
- disposition/behaviour that is adaptive and appropriate to a given situation
What are Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development? (age order)
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
What is stage 5 of Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development? (identity vs confusion)
role confusion:
- weak sense of trust, lack of faith in ideals
- little autonomy/initiative
- little active exploration during adolescence
- failure to choose vocation that matches interest and skills
established identity:
- developed personality
- crucial step to become a productive, content adult
- drives choice of vocation, interpersonal relationships, ideals etc
What factors allow an individual to develop psychosocially?
- puberty: triggers change
- family
- social env
- peers
What is Rogers self-concept theory of representation?
- self concept is determined by congruency/incongruency between self-image, self esteem and ideal self
What is self-esteem?
- relates to how one evaluates themselves/their self worth
What is self-concept?
- adolescents perception of themselves
- talents/goals
- also can relate to identity as part of groups based on factors such as ethnicity
What factors can affect self-esteem?
- child rearing style
- pubertal timing
- social environment
What did Steinsbekk et al find in terms of social media and self-esteem?
- liking and commenting on other girls posts predicted reduced self esteem (only for girls)
- posting updates on own social media accounts did not affect self-esteem
What did Sebastian et al find about self concept and neural correlates?
- medial prefrontal cortex is more active in adolescents during self focussed thinking
What is bicultural identity?
- formed by exploring and adopting values from ones subculture and the dominant culture
- interested in seeing if holding multiple cultures confuses identity
What did Schwartz et al find in terms of self-concept in bicultural adolescents?
- bicultural identity integration (BII) is stable over time but high
- associated with personal and familial well being
What two concepts do we need to think about in parenting and adolescence?
- parenting practices: specific behaviours parents use to socialise children
- parenting styles: ‘emotional climate’ in which parents rase their children
What 4 parenting styles did Maccoby and Martin explain?
- permissive ‘whatever you want’
- authoritative: ‘lets discuss this’
- uninvolved ‘i dont care’
- authoritarian ‘because i said so’
What did Pinquart’s meta analysis find in terms of parenting styles effect on adolescent outcomes?
3 main elements of authoritative parenting that impact outcomes:
- warmth: open and responsive child’s emotional needs
- autonomy support: encouraging of childs individuality and independence
- structure: clear rules and expectations of childs behaviour
a balance between responsiveness and demandingness leads to autonomy and control
What is warmth associated with?
numerous adolescent outcomes:
- higher protective and fewer risk behaviours
- better overall psychosocial adjustment
higher maternal warmth = lower neural activation during criticism, having implications for anxiety and depression
What did Butterfield et al find in terms of neural corelates for warmth?
there is activation during criticism of…
- left amygdala
- right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- anterior cingulate cortex
- subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC): involved in emotional processing, high activation is heavily implicated in mood disorders
What did Steinberg find in terms of parenting and puberty?
- pubertal maturation is associated with increased emotional distance between youngsters and their parents
- pubertal maturation is associated with increased conflict between adolescents and their mothers (not necessarily their fathers)
- pubertal maturation can be accompanies by increased behavioural autonomy
How do sibling relationships influence psychosocial development?
- attachment usually remains strong
- ties vary with gender and culture
- warm adolescent sibling relationships contribute to more gratifying friendship
How do friendships influence psychosocial development?
most important characteristics:
- intimacy
- mutual understanding
- loyalty
adolescent friends tend to be alike in educational aspirations, politics etc
How do CLOSE friendships influence psychosocial development?
- provide opportunities to explore the self and form deep understanding of another
- provide foundation for future intimate relationships
- help young people deal with stress
- can improve attitudes toward, and involvement in school
How can friendship be used as a protective factor?
- warm peer relationships are linked to increased adjustment and self-esteem in adolescence and adulthood
- friendships may also protect against risk-taking behaviours
- adolescent friendship appear to mitigate negative effects of non-optimal family environments
