7. Support systems in humans (skeleton)

Question 1

What do the two main sections of the skeleton consist of?

Answer 1

Axial and Appendicular

Question 2

What does the Appendicular skeleton consist of?

Answer 2

Pectoral girdle and Pelvic girdle

Question 3

What does the Axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 3

Skull, Thorax and Vertebral column

Question 4

What is the Skull made up of?

Answer 4

Cranium and facial bones

Question 5

What part of the skull does your spinal cord pass through?

Answer 5

Foramen magnum

Question 6

What part of the Skull is movable for chewing/talking?

Answer 6

Mandible

Question 7

What part of the Skull protects the brain?

Answer 7

Cranium

Question 8

What part of the Skull is fused to the skull?

Answer 8

Maxilla

Question 9

What part of the Skull joins bones of the cranium together?

Answer 9

Sutures

Question 10

Provide the dental formula.

Answer 10

2:1:2:3

Question 11

How many permanent teeth do humans have?

Answer 11

32

Question 12

List the 4 types of teeth.

Answer 12

• Incisors
• Canines
• Premolars
• Molars

Question 13

Explain 5 differences in the skull of humans and other primates.

Answer 13

1. Bigger cranium which houses a larger, more developed brain.
2. More forward position of foramen magnum which indicates bipedalism.
3. Cranial and brow ridges are reduced.
4. Smaller canines, no diastema.
5. No protruding jaws.

Question 14

How many bones does the Vertebral column have?

Answer 14

33

Question 15

Provide 3 functions of the Vertebral column.

Answer 15

• Support skull
• Surround and protect spinal cord
• Attachment for ribs, back muscles, pectoral and pelvic girdle

Question 16

List the parts of the Vertebral column in order.

Answer 16

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacrum
5. Coccyx

Question 17

What are the first two vertebrae in the Cervical known as?

Answer 17

Atlas and Axis

Question 18

What is the Centrum responsible for?

Answer 18

Support weight of the body.

Question 19

What is the Neural Spine also known as?

Answer 19

Spinous process

Question 20

What is the Neural Spine responsible for in a Vertebra?

Answer 20

Muscle attachment

Question 21

What is the Neural Canal responsible for in a Vertebra?

Answer 21

Spinal cord

Question 22

What is the Transverse process responsible for in a Vertebra?

Answer 22

Muscle and/or rib attachment

Question 23

Provide a difference in the vertebral columns of humans and other primates.

Answer 23

• S-shaped in humans for flexibility+shock absorption for bipedalism.
• C-shaped in primates for quadropedalism

Question 24

What is the Thorax for?

Answer 24

Protection of heart and lungs

Question 25

How many pairs of true ribs in the Thorax?

Answer 25

7 pairs

Question 26

How many carpals does a human have?

Answer 26

8

Question 27

Explain the difference in pelvic girdles between humans and other primates.

Answer 27

Human pelvic girdle is shorter and wider due to upright pressure. Other primates have a long and narrow pelvic girdle to evenly spread weight in quadropeds.

Question 28

List 4 differences in skeletons between humans and other primates?

Answer 28

- Cranium - Cranial ridges - Canines - Brow ridges

Question 29

Name the 6 functions of the Skeleton.

Answer 29

1. Support 2. Movement 3. Protection 4. Mineral storage 5. Hearing 6. Production of blood cells

Question 30

What is Endosteum?

Answer 30

Soft membrane lining the marrow cavity

Question 31

What is the Periosteum?

Answer 31

Tough outer membrane, richly supplied with blood vessels.

Question 32

What is Articular cartilage also known as?

Answer 32

Hyaline cartilage

Question 33

What does the Articular cartilage do?

Answer 33

Prevents friction where joints are formed with other bones.

Question 34

What is the Spongy bone tissue?

Answer 34

Contains red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells.

Question 35

What is a Joint?

Answer 35

Place where two bones meet.

Question 36

What do Joints provide?

Answer 36

Strength, protection and flexibility.

Question 37

Describe a Synovial Joint?

Answer 37

Allows movement in most directions.

Question 38

Name the 4 types of Synovial joints.

Answer 38

1. Ball-and-socket 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Gliding

Question 39

What is a Ball-and-socket joint?

Answer 39

Allows movement in most directions.

Question 40

What is a Hinge joint?

Answer 40

Allows movement in one direction only. Bends and straightens the arm and leg.

Question 41

What is a Pivot joint?

Answer 41

Movement around a pivotal joint.

Question 42

What is a Gliding joint?

Answer 42

Flat surface of one bone slides across surface of a bone next to it.

Question 43

Give 2 examples of a Ball-and-socket joint.

Answer 43

Shoulder and Hip joint

Question 44

Give 2 examples of a Hinge joint.

Answer 44

Knee and Elbow

Question 45

Give 2 examples of a Pivot joint.

Answer 45

Between atlas and axis. Radius and ulna.

Question 46

Give 2 examples of a Gliding joint.

Answer 46

Between carpals and tarsals.

Question 47

What does it mean when muscles work in Antagonistic pairs?

Answer 47

When one contracts, the other relaxes.

Question 48

What is Rickets?

Answer 48

Defiency disease in chidren where bones become soft, bend and weaken the skeleton.

Question 49

What is the cause of Rickets?

Answer 49

Lack of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus

Question 50

What is Osteoporosis?

Answer 50

Brittle, weak bones in adults

Question 51

What is the cause of Osteoporosis?

Answer 51

- Lack of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus - Lack of exercise - Overactive adrenal glands

Question 52

What is Osteoarthritis?

Answer 52

Cartilage and synovial fluid sacs between joints break down. Bones begin to rub together.

Question 53

What is the cause of Osteoarthritis?

Answer 53

Age

Question 54

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 54

Pain, stiffness and swelling in one or more of the joints

Question 55

What is the cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 55

Auto-immune disease

Question 56

Provide the defintion of Arthritis.

Answer 56

Disease that causes severe pain and a loss of movement in joints.