7. The Circulatory System Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the transportation system of the body. There are actually two parts:
A
- The pulmonary
- The systemic
2
Q
that conveys blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
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The pulmonary
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Q
that carries blood from the heart to all body tissues and cells (except some parts of the lungs) and back to heart
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The systemic
4
Q
is a muscular pump that propels blood either to the lungs or to other body tissues
A
Heart
5
Q
are distributing vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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Arteries
6
Q
are distributing vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all body tissues
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Aorta
7
Q
are distributing vessels that carry blood away from the heart to to the lungs
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Pulmonary trunk
8
Q
are the small final branches of the smallest arteries, and are present in tissues that are supplied with the blood
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Arterioles
9
Q
are very minute microscopic hairlike vessels that form networks between the small arterioles and the venules
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Capillaries
10
Q
Functions: exchange of blood and tissue constituents place through the capillary walls
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Capillaries
11
Q
are the smallest veins and correspond to the arterioles
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Venules
12
Q
are collecting vessels that bring back to the heart
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Veins
13
Q
drains upper half of body
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Superior vena cava
14
Q
drains lower half of body
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Inferior vena cava
15
Q
drains the lungs, all emptying into the heart
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Four pulmonary veins (2 from each lung)
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Q
is a colorless fluid that collects in lymphatic vessels
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Lymph
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Q
minute vessels which begin as very small vessels
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Lymph capillaries
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are formed by union of capillaries that unite to form larger and larger vessels
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Lymph vessels
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are connected with the larger lymph vessels
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Lymph nodes
20
Q
Trunk Lymph vessels are:
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- Thoracic Duct
- Right Lymph Duct
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Q
draining whole body except the upper right
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Thoracic Duct
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draining the right upper limb, right thorax, and right side of head and neck
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Right Lymph Duct
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form a second collecting system
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lymphatics
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Reticuloendothelial structures
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bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver and thymus gland
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Internal coat or layer
tunica intima
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Layer of flat cobblestone like cells that form a lining membrane, with connective tissue and elastic tissue
tunica intima
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Middle coat
tunica media
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A layer of visceral muscle, the fibers encircling the vessel, with considerable elastic tissue as well
tunica media
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Outer layer
tunica adventitia
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A layer of connective tissue outside the middle coat
tunica adventitia
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bluntly pointed end that is directed to the left anteriorly
Apex
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the broad end that is directed to the right, posteriorly and cranially to the right of the right sternal border
Base
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lies posterior to the sternum
Sternocostal surface
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rest upon the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic surface
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The heart has __ coverings forming its wall, a septum, __ chambers or cavities, __ openings and __ sets of functioning valves
3 coverings,
4 chambers,
11 openings,
4 valves
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this layer forms the lining membrane of the heart
Endocardium
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muscular layer of the heart and consists of a special type of muscle found only in the heart, cardiac muscle
Myocardium
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thin covering and is applied to the outer surface of the muscular layer
Visceral Pericardium or epicardium
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Serous pericardium layers
- Visceral layer
| - Parietal layer
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outer covering of the heart
Visceral layer
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forms the lining of a sac that encloses the heart
Parietal layer
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A thick layer of fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous pericardium
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Surrounds the parietal pericardium to form the outer layer of the pericardial sac
Fibrous pericardium
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is a bag with the heart within it, consisting of the parietal serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium
Pericardial sac
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is a potential space between the inner surface of the pericardial sac and the visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
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The Four Chambers of Cavities of the Heart
* Left atrium
* Right atrium
* Left ventricle
* Right ventricle
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is that part of the partition between the right and left atria
Interatrial septum
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is the partition between the right and left ventricles
Interventricular septum
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is the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle
left atrioventricular opening (ostium)
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is the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle
right atrioventricular opening (ostium)
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are two ear shaped pouches, one forming part of each atrium
auricles
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prominent anterior part of the right ventricle where it opens into the pulmonary trunk
Conus arteriosus
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is a groove on the surface of the heart marking the junction of the atria and the ventricles
Coronary sulcus
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It completely encircles the heart
Coronary sulcus
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anterior and posterior are the grooves where the ventricles meet each other anteriorly and posteriorly
Interventricular sulci
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There are eleven openings into or within the heart
(2) atrioventricular opening (left and right)
(1) pulmonary opening
(1) aortic opening
(1) opening of the inferior vena cava
(1) opening of the superior vena cava
(4) two right and two left pulmonary veins
(1) opening of the coronary sulcus
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The Valves of the Heart
* Left atrioventricular valve or mitral or bicuspid valve
* Right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve
* Aortic valve
* Pulmonary valve
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Blood Supply to the Heart
The right and left coronary arteries, the first branches of the aorta, supply blood to the heart. These vessels run along the coronary sulcus and the interventricular grooves on the surface of the heart giving off branches “en route”
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drain blood from the cardia capillaries
Cardiac veins
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is a large vein that lies in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus. It empties into the right atrium. It collects blood from most of the cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
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A special conducting apparatus consisting of a node in the wall of the right atrium initiates the impulses for contraction of the heart
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
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when stimulated increase the heart rate
Sympathetic nerve fibers
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stimulation of them slows the heart rate
Two vagi nerves (10th cranial)
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is the contracting phase of the heart
Systole
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is the dilation phase of the heart
Diastole
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The Pulmonary Vessels and Circulation
Right ventricle – pulmonary trunk – right and left pulmonary arteries – lung capillaries – two right and two left pulmonary veins – left atrium
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The Systemic Vessels and Circulation
Left ventricle – aorta – branches – capillaries – tributaries of – superior and inferior vena cava – right atrium
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trunk artery of the systemic of general circuit
Aorta
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Superficial veins
- Cephalic veins
- Basilic veins
- Median antebrachial veins
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Deep veins
- 2 ulnar veins + 2 radial veins = brachial veins
- Axillary veins
- Subclavian veins
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Size of Veins
Popliteal vein > femoral vein > external iliac vein joins internal iliac vein > common iliac vein
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are minute microscopic thin walled vessels similar to blood capillaries except that they do not originate from arterioles
Lymph Capillaries
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are tubes formed by the union of lymph capillaries
Lymph Vessels
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is a large lymph trunk that begins in the abdomen by the union of lumbar and intestinal lymphatic vessels. Empties into the left brachiocephalic vein
Thoracic duct
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dilated lower end of the thoracic duct in the upper posterior abdomen
Cisterna chyli
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is formed by the union of the right internal jugular, subclavian, and thoracic vessels
Right Lymph Duct (right thoracic duct)
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It empties into the right brachiocephalic or right subclavian vein
Right Lymph Duct (right thoracic duct)
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It drains the upper right of the body
Right Lymph Duct (right thoracic duct)
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are small oval bodies ranging in size from a pin head to a bean
Lymph Nodes
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Location of larger group of lymph nodes
- Cervical nodes
- Axillary nodes
- Tracheobronchial nodes
- Aortic nodes
- Internal iliac nodes
- External iliac nodes
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Lymphatic Structures - Other Organs
Tonsils, adenoids, intestinal follicles, spleen, thymus gland
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Functions of Lymphatic Vessels and Nodes
* Convey intercellular fluid back into the general circulation
* Acts as filter to prevent microorganisms and other foreign bodies from reaching the blood stream
* Form new lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells
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Tonsils AKA
Palatine tonsils
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Adenoids AKA
Pharyngeal tonsils
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Intestinal lymph follicles
- Solitary lymph follicles
| - Aggregated lymph follicles or Peyer’s Patches
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Forms lymphocytes, monocytes and the plasma cells
Spleen
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Destroys worn out red blood cells
Spleen
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Believed to be reservoir of red blood cells
Spleen
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Produces lymphocytes
Thymus gland
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is a flat circular spongy structure about 8 inches in diameter and one inch in thickness when fully developed
Placenta
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passes from the fetal navel to the smooth fetal surface of the placenta and contains the umbilical cord vessels
Umbilical cord
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convey blood from the fetus to the placenta through the umbilical cord
Two umbilical arteries
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carries oxygenated blood with nutrients from the fetal capillaries in the placenta though the umbilical cord to the navel
Single umbilical vein
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short vein that passes from a branch of umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
Ductus venosus
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is an opening in the interatrial septum between the right and left atria
Foramen ovale
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is a short vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery
Ductus arteriosus
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is due to alternating dilation and contraction of the cardiac ventricles forcing blood out into the aorta and its branches
pulse
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Locations for Palpation- anterolateral border of wrist
Radial artery
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Locations for Palpation- at anteromedial border of wrist
Ulnar artery
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Locations for Palpation- on medial surface of midarm
Brachial artery
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Locations for Palpation- in front of ear
Superficial temporal
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Locations for Palpation- in front of angle of mandible
Facial artery
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Locations for Palpation- through anterior abdominal wall
Abdominal aorta
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Locations for Palpation- in the groin below inguinal ligament
Femoral artery
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Locations for Palpation- posterior to knee
Popliteal artery
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Locations for Palpation- in front of and below ankle
Dorsalis pedis artery
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is the pressure of the blood against the containing vessel wall
Blood Pressure
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is the pressure exerted during the contracting phase of the ventricles of the heart
Systolic Blood pressure
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is the pressure exerted during dilation phase of the ventricles
Diastolic Blood pressure
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the opening between the 2 atria does not close after birth but persists
Patent foramen ovale
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an abnormal opening is present in the interventricular septum between the two ventricles
Interventricular septal defect
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the fetal vessel between the pulmonary trunk and aorta does not close after birth but remains open
Patent Ductus or patent ductus arteriosus
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the opening from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk is smaller than usual
Stenosis of pulmonary orifice
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a narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, usually in the upper descending part
Coarctation of the aorta
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the aortic arch is on the right side rather than on the left
Right aortic arch
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the heart may be on the right side with base directed to the left and apex close to the right nipple rather than the left. Sometimes the abdominal organs are also reversed
Transposition
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radiography of the chambers of the heart using an opaque medium to fill them
Cardiography
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is a radiography of an artery and its branches by injection of an opaque medium into it
Arteriography
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radiography of the aorta following the injection
Aortography
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is a radiography of a vein and its tributaries either by direct injection into one of its smaller tributaries, or by injection of corresponding artery, and radiographs when the veins have filled
Venography
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is radiography of lymphatic vessels, and ducts, following injection of an opaque medium into small lymph capillaries
Lymphangiography
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is a combined examination of the heart, trunk veins and/or trunk arteries
Angiocardiography
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is a high blood pressure
Hypertension
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blood pressure is below normal
Hypotension
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is a clot of blood that has formed on the inside of a blood vessel or within the heart
Thrombus
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is an inflammation of the lining membrane of vein
Phlebitis
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is a foreign body obstructing a blood vessel
Embolus
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is a condition produced in an organ as a result of blocking of an artery supplying it by an embolus or some other obstructing lesion
An infarct
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of a vessel is its closure due to spasm, embolus, filling in of its lumen due to degeneration of the vessel wall, thrombosis, etc.
Occlusion
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blocking of one of the coronary arteries to the heart, or a branch of it
Coronary occlusion
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is a bulging of the wall of a vessel or of one side of the wall due to a weakness from disease of the vessel
Aneurysm
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refer to thickening of a vessel wall with degeneration of the normal coats, and replacement by fibrous tissue, fat, and calcium
Arteriosclerosis and atherosis
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are dilated veins due to weakening of the vessel walls
Varicose veins
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are dilated veins in the anal canal
Hemorrhoids
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may occur in the lower part of the esophagus
Esophageal varicosities
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enlargement of the heart from enlargement of the its muscle fibers because of an increased work load in pumping blood
Cardiac hypertrophy
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cardiac enlargement due to stretching of muscle fibers, fibers tired out, and chambers enlarged
Cardiac dilatation
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heart cannot pump blood through its circuits
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
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inflammation of the valves of the heart. They are covered by endocardium
Endocarditis
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inflammation of the cardiac muscle
Myocarditis
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inflammation of the pericardium, often with fluid in the pericardial sac – _____
Pericarditis,
| pericardial effusion
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infarction area of dead cardiac muscle, resulting from cutting off of its blood supply, replaced by fibrous tissue in survivors
Cardiac infarct
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a thickening, deformity, shrinking, and fusion of cusps of cardiac valves from an infection or degeneration, resulting in inability to open or close completely
Valvular disease
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a narrowing of an opening or canal
Stenosis
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failure of a valve to close completely from disease, resulting in regurgitation of blood back into the chamber from which it was expelled
Incompetence
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pacemaker of the heart
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
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is a small structure in the heart, located in the Koch triangle, near the coronary sinus on the interatrial septum,
controls the passage of the heart's electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) node
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Joins femoral vein
Great (NA) or Long Saphenous vein
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Joins popliteal vein
Small (NA) or Short Saphenous vein
