Endocrinology

Question 1

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 1

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

Question 2

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 2

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH

FLAT PiG

Question 3

Layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 3

1) Zona glomerulosa -> aldosterone
2) Zona fasciculata -> cortisol
3) Zonta reticularis -> sex hormones (androgens)

Question 4

Endocrine pancreas cell types

Answer 4

Alpha cells -> glucagon
Beta cells -> insulin
Delta cells -> somatostatin

Question 5

Regulation of prolactin (in one sentence)

Answer 5

Tonically inhibited by dopamine from the hypothalamus.

Question 6

Mechanisms of action of some diabetes meds:

1) Exenatide
2) Sitagliptin
3) Empagliflozin

Answer 6

1) GLP-1 receptor agonist. (GLP-1 stimulates insulin release).
2) DPP-4 inhibitor. (DPP-4 enzyme inactivates incretins such as GLP-1; inhibition leads to increased incretin activity).
3) SGLT-2 inhibitor (SGLT-2 is the major transport protein for glucose reabsorption in the kidney; inhibition -> increased excretion of glucose)

Question 7

Name the 3 diabetes meds that were shown to have CV benefits in diabetic patients with ASCVD (as of 2018):

Answer 7

Empagliflozin (SGLT-2 inhibitor)
Canagliflozin (SGLT-2 inhibitor)
Liraglutide (GLP-1 agonist)