Chapter 17

Question 1

2nd Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization (electricity, steel, transportation improvements) in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.

Question 2

Invention of Telephone

Answer 2

1876 by Alexander Graham Bell

Question 3

Invention of Radio

Answer 3

1901 by Guglielmo Marconi

Question 4

Invention of Typewriter

Answer 4

1878 by Christopher Latham Sholes

Question 5

Invention of Cash Register

Answer 5

1879 by James Ritty

Question 6

Invention of Electricity (light bulb)

Answer 6

1879 by Thomas Edison

Question 7

Invention of Airplane

Answer 7

1903 by Wilbur and Orville Wright

Question 8

an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. Summed up his efficiency techniques in his 1911 book The Principles of Scientific Management.

Answer 8

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Question 9

the principles or practice of scientific management

Answer 9

“Taylorism”

Question 10

an American captain of industry and a business magnate, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Answer 10

Henry Ford

Question 11

generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford’s efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting

Answer 11

Model T

Question 12

where a person’s financial liability is limited to a fixed sum, most commonly the value of a person’s investment in a company or partnership. If a company with limited liability is sued, then the claimants are suing the company, not its owners or investors.

Answer 12

limited liability

Question 13

an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller and Henry Flagler as a corporation in Ohio, it was the largest oil refinery in the world of its time.

Answer 13

Standard Oil

Question 14

an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. As of 2018, the company operates through the following segments: aviation, healthcare, power, renewable energy, digital, additive manufacturing, venture capital and finance, lighting, transportation, and oil and gas. (Thomas Edison)

Answer 14

General Electric

Question 15

a Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist. He led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and is often identified as one of the richest people. His 1889 article proclaiming “The Gospel of Wealth” called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and stimulated a wave of philanthropy.

Answer 15

Andrew Carnegie

Question 16

an American writer, best known for his many young adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty. His writings were characterized as “rags to riches” stories.

Answer 16

Horatio Alger

Question 17

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, it was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

Answer 17

Social Darwinism

Question 18

Alternative Visions

Answer 18

Socialism
Communism
Labor Unions
Monopoly

Question 19

a utopian science fiction novel by Edward Bellamy, a journalist and writer from Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts; first published in 1888. It influenced a large number of intellectuals, and appears by title in many socialist writings of the day.

Answer 19

Looking Backward: 2000-1887

Question 20

Examples of Labor Unions

Answer 20

Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor

Question 21

American labor union leader, politician and attorney, best known as head of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s. He was elected mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania, for three 2-year terms, starting in 1878.

Answer 21

Terrence Powderly

Question 22

English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. founded American Federation of Labor in Columbus, OH in December of 1886.

Answer 22

Samuel Gompers

Question 23

members of which are commonly termed “Wobblies”, is an international labor union that was founded in 1905 in Chicago, Illinois in the United States of America.

Answer 23

International Workers of the World (I.W.W.)

Question 24

the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday, May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago

Answer 24

Haymarket Affair/Haymarket Square

Question 25

an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers.

Answer 25

Homestead strike

Question 26

a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law.

Answer 26

Pullman strike

Question 27

an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W. or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.

Answer 27

Eugene V. Debs

Question 28

determined the resident population of the United States to be 106,021,537, an increase of 15.0 percent over the 92,228,496 persons enumerated during the previous Census.

Answer 28

1920 Census

Question 29

a world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World in 1492.

Answer 29

1893 Columbian Exposition (World’s Columbian Exposition)

Question 30

NY – Fifth Avenue
Boston – Beacon Hill
Philadelphia – Society Hill
Chicago – Lake Shore Drive
San Francisco – Nob Hill

Answer 30

Rich Housing of 2nd Industrial Revolution

Question 31

Middle class resided in…

Answer 31

suburban communities

Question 32

Poor resided in…

Answer 32

tenement housing

Question 33

an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s.

Answer 33

How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890) by Jacob Riis

Question 34

a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

Answer 34

“The Machine” or “Boss Politics”

Question 35

an American politician most notable for being the “boss” of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State.

Answer 35

William M. “Boss” Tweed

Question 36

a New York City political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789. The Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.

Answer 36

Tammany Hall