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A&P 2 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

Receptor

A

any structure specialized to detect stimulus

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2
Q

Sense Organ

A

composed of never tissue and another tissue that enhances response to a certain type of stimulus

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3
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy to another

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4
Q

Sensation

A

sensory signal that reaches the brain causes subjective awareness

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5
Q

4 types of receptor information

MILD

A

Modality
Intensity
Location
Duration

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6
Q

Modality

A

type of stimulus– vision, hearing, taste

identified by labeled nerve pathways

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7
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

becoming less aware to stimulus over time

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8
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

instant burst of action potentials followed by quick reduction, adapt quickly

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9
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

slow and steady nerve signals, adapt slowly

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10
Q

Exteroceptors

A

sense stimuli external to the body

ex: vision, hearing, taste , smell

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11
Q

Interoceptors

A

detect stimuli in the internal organs

ex: stomach, bladder, intestines

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12
Q

Proprioceptors

A

sense position and movement

ex: muscles, tendons, joints

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13
Q

General Senses (somatosensory)

A

receptors widely distributed in skin, muscles, tendons, joints

bare dendrites

ex: touch, pressure, stretch , temp

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14
Q

Special Senses

A

limited to the head and are innervated by the cranial nerve

complex
ex: vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste

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15
Q

Unencapsulated Nerve Endings

types?

A

sensory dendrites that are not wrapped in connective tissue

free nerve endings
tactile discs
hair receptors

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16
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

types?

A

nerver fibers wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue

tactile corpuscles
end bulbs
lamellar corpuscles
bulbous corpuscles

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17
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

tiny spikes without taste buds, but sense texture

most abundant

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18
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

sides of the tongue , chewing occurs so most chemicals

degenerates 2-3yrs

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19
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

mushroom, 3 taste buds

widely distributed, but tip and sides mostly

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20
Q

Vallate Papillae

A

V shape in the rear , surrounded by circular trench

7-12- 250 buds each

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21
Q

3 types of cells on taste buds

A

taste
supporting
basal

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22
Q

Salty

A

produced by metal ions such as sodium and potassium

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23
Q

Sweet

A

produced by organic compounds

associated with carbs and high caloric foods

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24
Q

Sour

A

acids H+, citrus fruits

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25
Q

Bitter

A

spoiled foods and alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine, and morphine)

26
Q

Umami

A

“meaty”, savory

27
Q

Taste Pathway

A

nucleus in medulla –hypothalamus and amygdala–thalamus

28
Q

Smell Pathway

A

Olfactory fibers– tufted & mitral– glomeruli–Cerebral Cortex

29
Q

Hearing

A

responce to vibrating air molecules

30
Q

Equilibrium

A

sense of motion, body orientation, and balance

31
Q

Sound

A

audible vibration of molecules

water solids or air

32
Q

Pitch

A

sense of whether a sound is high or low

33
Q

Loudness

A

perception of sound energy, intensity, or amplitude vibration

34
Q

Parts of Outer Ear

A

Auricle

Auditory canal

35
Q

Parts of Middle Ear

A 
Tympanic Membrane 
Intrinsic muscle 
Auditory tube 
Auditory Ossicles 
Oval Window
36
Q

Parts of Inner Ear

A

Vestibule
Spiral Organ
Cochlea
Modiolus

37
Q

Progression of sound waves

A

enter auditory canal on one side and nerve signals exit the inner ear on other side

38
Q

Conductive Deafness

A

interfere with the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear

39
Q

Otosclerosis

A

fusion of auditory ossicles with each other, preventing bones from vibrating

40
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A

death of hair cells

long exposure to loud noises

41
Q

Auditory Pathway

A

auditory tube– ear drum– ossicles– oval window– spiral organ

CNS– pons– midbrain– thalamus– temporal lobe

42
Q

Static

A

perception of head when the body is stationary

43
Q

Dyanamic

A

perception of motion or acceleration

44
Q

Linear

A

change in velocity when going in a straight line

45
Q

Angular

A

change in rate of rotation

46
Q

responsible for static and dyanamic

A

Saccule and Utricle

47
Q

5 ares receiving equilibrium info

A 
Cerebellum
Nuclei CN III,IV, VI
Reticular Formation 
Spinal Cord 
Thalamus
48
Q

Vision

A

perception of object in environment by means of light that they emit or reflect

49
Q

Light

A

visible electromagnetic radiation

UV below 400nm
IR above 700nm

50
Q

Accessory to Orbit

A

Eyebrow
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal Apparatus

51
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

A 
RECTUS
Superior 
Inferior 
Lateral 
Medial

OBLIQUE
Superior
Inferior

52
Q

Components of Outer Fibrous Layer

A

Sclera

Cornea

53
Q

Components of Vascular Layer

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

54
Q

Components of Inner Layer

A

Retina

Beginning of optic nerve

55
Q

Optical Components

A

Cornea
Aqueous Humor
Lens
Vitreous Body

56
Q

Neural Components

A

Retina

Optic nerve

57
Q

Cataract

A

clouding of lens

58
Q

Glaucoma

A

Elevated pressure within eye

59
Q

Emmetropia

A

eye is relaxed and focused on an object more then 6m away

60
Q

3 steps for close range vision

A

Convergence of the eyes

Constriction of the pupil

Accommodation of the lens

61
Q

Visual Pathway

A

bipolar cells– ganglion cells– optic nerve– thalamus– primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

A&P 2 (13 decks)

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