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Human Biology > Sensory System > Flashcards

Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

the process by which external energy is received at sensory organs and transduced into electrical signals

A

sensation

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2
Q

our interpretation of neural signals

A

perception

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3
Q

3 steps for interpretation of electrical signals by brain

A
  1. Physical stimulus
  2. Transduction
  3. Perception
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4
Q

4 types of mechanoreceptors

A
  1. Touch/Pressue
  2. Vibration
  3. Stretch
  4. Hearing
  5. Balance
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5
Q

Termoreceptors receive what type of stimulus

A

temperature

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6
Q

5 types of receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Pain Receptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Photoreceptors
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7
Q

Chemoreceptors detect what two types of sensations

A

taste and smell

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8
Q

What can alter perception?

A

pre-existing states

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9
Q

5 types of receptors in the skin

A
  1. Unencapsulated dendritic endings
  2. Merkel Disks
  3. Meissner’s corpuscles
  4. Ruffini endings
  5. Pacinian corpuscles
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10
Q

naked endings of sensory neurons around hairs and near the skin surface that signal pain, light pressure and changes in temperature

A

unencapsulated dendritic endings

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11
Q

modified unencapsulated dendritic endings that detect light touch and pressure

A

merkel disks

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12
Q

encapsulated touch receptors located close to the skin surface that detect the beginning and end of light pressure touch

A

meissner’s corpuscles

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13
Q

receptors that respond to continually ongoing pressure on skin

A

ruffini endings

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14
Q

nerve endings in dermis that respons to either deep pressure or high frequency vibration

A

pacinian corpuscles

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15
Q

the nerve ending of a pacinian corpuscle is covered by loose layers of

A

connective tissue

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16
Q

specialized structures for monitering muscle length

A

muscle spindles

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17
Q

a small bundle of modified skeletal muscle cells located within a skeletal muscle

A

muscle spindle

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18
Q

ruffini ending indicate

A

limb position and object shape

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19
Q

ruffini endings respond to

A

stretch

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20
Q

what speed of adaptation do meissner’s corpuscles have?

A

rapidly adapting

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21
Q

the semi rigid epthelial cell in skin

A

merkel disk

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22
Q

nocireceptors are also called

A

free nerve endings

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23
Q

sounds are waves of

A

compressed air

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24
Q

both intensity and perceived loudness are related to

A

the amplitude of sound waves

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25
Q

sound waves are measured in

A

decibles (dB)

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26
Q

hearing loss can result from exposure to sounds louder than…

A

85dB

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27
Q

the tone/pitch or a sound is determined by its…

A

frequency

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28
Q

the number of wave cycles that pass a given point per second

A

frequency

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29
Q

the outer ear consists of

A

the pinna and auditory cannal

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30
Q

the auditory canal channels sounds waves into the…

A

tympanic membrane

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31
Q

another name for the tympanic membrane is

A

the ear drum

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32
Q

an air-filled chamber within the temporal bone of the skill, bridged by three small bones

A

the middle ear

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33
Q

the three small bones in the middle ear are called

A 
the malleus (hammer)
the incus (anvil)
the stapes (stirrup)
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34
Q

the three bones in the ear vibrate when…

A

sound waves strike and vibrate the tympanic membrane

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35
Q

the stapes, when vibrating, touches a smaller membrane called

A

the oval window

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36
Q

the vibrating force that concentrates down from the ear drum to the oval window causes

A

amplification

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37
Q

The air filled middle ear is kept at atmospheric pressure by…

A

the auditory tube

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38
Q

another word for the auditory tube is called

A

the eustachian tube

39
Q

the narrow tube that runs from the middle ear to the throat

A

eustachian tube

40
Q

the inner ear sort sounds by tone and converts them into…

A

impulses

41
Q

the inner ear consists of

A

cochlea, vestibular apparatus

42
Q

the cochlea contains two interconnected outer canals called

A

the vestibular canal and tympanic canal

43
Q

the third, close fluid filled space in cochlea is called

A

the cochlear duct

44
Q

the base of the cochlear duct is formed by

A

the basilar membrane

45
Q

what types of cells are in the basilar membrane?

A

hair cells

46
Q

together, hair cells and tectorial membrane in the ear are called

A

the organ of corti

47
Q

what does the organ of corti do?

A

converts pressure waves to action potentials

48
Q

when sound waves strike the oval window, it generates pressure waves in the watery fluid of the…

A

vestibular canal

49
Q

after the cochlea, waves strike another membrane called

A

the round window

50
Q

what does the round window do?

A

bulges in and out in synchronicity with the oval window, reducing some pressure

51
Q

because hairs in ear are embedded inthe less movable tectorial membrane, vibration of the basilar membrane causes hairs to…

A

bend

52
Q

the physical movement of hairs in inner ear causes

A

the release of more or less neurotransmitter, depending on which way the hairs are bent

53
Q

the white, tough outer coat of the eye

A

sclera

54
Q

the clear layer over the front of the eye

A

cornea

55
Q

the fluid that nourishes and cushions the cornea and lens are called

A

the aqueous humor

56
Q

the colored, disk shaped muscle that determines how much light enters the eye

A

iris

57
Q

the adjustable opening in the center of the iris

A

pupil

58
Q

the transparent, flexible structure attached by connective tissue fibres

A

lens

59
Q

the ring of circularly arranged smooth muscle attached to the lens

A

ciliary muscle

60
Q

the eye is filled with

A

virteous humor

61
Q

the layers are the back and sides of the eye

A

retina

62
Q

the retina is composed of

A

photoreceptor cells, neurons, and a few blood vessels

63
Q

nerve at the back of eyeball that carries information to the thalamus

A

optic nerve

64
Q

the central region of the retina where photoreceptor density is the highest

A

the macula

65
Q

the area where the axons of the optic nerve and associated blood vessels exit the eye

A

optic disk

66
Q

the iris adjusts the amount of light entering the eye with

A

two sets of smooth muscle

67
Q

the cornea is responsible for

A

bending most incoming light

68
Q

the outermost layer of the retina consists of

A

pigmented cells that absorb light not captured by photoreceptor cells

69
Q

the second layer of retina is called

A

rods and cones

70
Q

the rods and cones synapse with the third layer of neurons called

A

bipolar cells

71
Q

what do bipolar cells do?

A

process and integrate info and then pass it on to the fourth layer

72
Q

the innermost layer of the retina consists of

A

ganglion cells

73
Q

the long axons of the ganglion cells become

A

the optic nerve

74
Q

the flattened disks on rods and cones contain numerous molecules of a particular light sensitive protein callled….

A

photopigment

75
Q

when a photopigment is exposed to light energy, what happens?

A

it changes in shape

76
Q

the change in photopigment shape causes the photorecpetor to….

A

close some of its sodium channels and reduce the amount of neurotransmitter that it normally releases

77
Q

Rods provide vision for…

A

dim light

78
Q

between rods and cones, what are more numerous in periphery?

A

rods

79
Q

what do we have more of? Rods or cones?

A

Rods

80
Q

for near objects, what happens to ciliary muscles?

A

they contract and get the lens to bulge

81
Q

to focus on distant objects, what happens to the ciliary muscles?

A

relax to pull lens and flatten it

82
Q

term for the adjustment of lens curvature so we can focus on either near or far objects

A

accomodation

83
Q

medical term for nearsightedness

A

myopia

84
Q

term for farsightedness

A

hyperopia

85
Q

the focal plane for hyperopia is where

A

behind the retina

86
Q

astigmatisms (blurred vision) are due to

A

abnormal curvature of either the cornea or the lens

87
Q

glaucoma causes an increase in

A

ocular pressure

88
Q

macular degeneration is caused by

A

a detached retina

89
Q

cataracts is caused by

A

an opaque lens

90
Q

most of the receptors for taste are located where?

A

on the edges and front and back of tongue

91
Q

the small projection on tongue are called

A

papillae

92
Q

what are located on the surface of papillae?

A

taste buds

93
Q

the chemoreceptors in taste cells are called

A

tastants

94
Q

odors are detected by what kind of receptor cells?

A

olfactory receptor cells

Human Biology (12 decks)

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