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BMA1092 > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

size and location of the heart

A
  • Muscular, cone shaped organ residing in the mediastinum
  • Heart rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm. It is posterior to the sternum and anterior to the vertebral column.
  • Base of the heart lies posterior to the costal cartilage of the 2nd to 3rd ribs and points the right shoulder. It is the attachment site for large blood vessels. The apex of the heart is typically located in the 5th intercostal space, 12-14 cam below the base and pointing inferiorly towards the left hip.
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2
Q

the two later of parietal pericardium

A
    1. An outer layer called parietal pericardium tough, fibrous layer that protects the heart and anchors it to the surrounding tissues.
    1. An inner layer of epithelial tissue known as the epicardium or visceral pericardium that produces pericardial fluid.
  • Where the parietal pericardium meets the large blood vessels attached to the base of the heart, the epithelial layer turns to cover the heart itself, forming the visceral pericardium or epicardium.
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3
Q

whats the three layers of tissue in the heart

A
  1. Epicardium- the outermost layer of epithelial tissue.
  2. Myocardium- the middle layer of cardiac muscle cells.
  3. Endocardium- the inner layer of endothelial cells (squamous or flattened epithelial cells)
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4
Q

whats the atrium

A

where the blood enters through the heart

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5
Q

whats the ventricle

A

: bottom part of heart

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6
Q

whats the coronary sulcus

A

the grove in the heart, contains blood vessels.

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7
Q

whats the coronary arteries

A

: supply blood to the heart tissue

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8
Q

whats the anterior intravventricular

A

divides the right and left ventricle

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9
Q

whats the aortic arch

A

: (largest blood vessel) brings blood from left ventricle to the systemic blood vessels.

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10
Q

whats the pulmonary trunk

A

blood from right ventricle to lungs

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11
Q

difference between right and. left ventricle

A

Right and left ventricles can be disguised by noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls. Left walls are thicker.

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12
Q

what do heart valves do

A
  • Open or close in response to the pressure changes produced by the contraction of the myocardium. The heart valves enforce the one-way flow of blood through the heart.
  • Stops blood from moving backwards.
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13
Q

what does the myocardium not receive

A

not receive any oxygen or nutrients form the blood that passes through the chambers of the heart. It needs its own blood supply, namely the coronary circulation.

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14
Q

what the left coronary artery

A

: gives rise to the anterior interventricular artery and supplies oxygenated blood to the anterior ventricles.

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15
Q

whats the right coronary artery

A

supplies the right atrium and gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery which supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior ventricle.

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16
Q

coronary viens

A

Great cardiac vein drains deoxygenated blood from the anterior ventricles, while the middle cardiac vein drains the posterior ventricles. The veins all drain into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium.

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17
Q

whats coronary heart disease

A
  • Most common kind of heart disease
  • Occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed and hardened. Over time this weakens the myocardium and contributes to heart failure.
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18
Q

whats angina pectoris

A

results from the temporary deficiency in myocardial blood supply during increased physical activity or stress when cardiac activity increases. It is characterised by thoracic pain that may include pain in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm results in the weakening of the myocardium but not cell death.

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19
Q

whats myocardial infraction

A

results from a prolonged coronary artery blockage leading to myocardial cell death. Symptoms vary between genders with males commonly experiencing prolonged and intense chest pain and pain in the jaw, back and stomach, while females are less likely to experience chest pain but suffer from extreme fatigue and nausea. The severity of the infarction depends on the extent and location of the myocardial cell death. The dead myocardium is replaced by non-contractile scar tissue leading to a weakening of the heart.

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20
Q

whats the flow through the heart

A
  • The heart is a double sided pump.
  • The right side is the pulmonary pump and the left side is the systemic pump.
  • Effective cardiac function depends o coordination of the activities of the right and left sides
  • The right and left side must contract at the same time, sending blood through to the right and left ventricles.-
  • The right and left ventricles must then contract at the same time, sending blood out of the heart and into the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
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21
Q

the cycle of blood through the eahrt

A
  • Enters the right atria
  • Through the tricuspid valve
  • To right ventricle
  • Through bicuspid valve
  • To pulmonary artery
  • To lungs: where co2 removed oxygen is picked up now oxygenated blood
  • Through pulmonary veins
  • To left atrium
  • Through mitral valve
  • To left ventricle
  • Aortic valve opens
  • Blood leave heart via the aorta
  • Once cycle completes aortic valve close to stop blood from dropping back
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22
Q

electrical events in the cardiac cycle

A
  • Muscular activity of the heart always begins with electrical activity
  • The activity of the heart can be modified by the autonmatic ns but it also has its own electrical system, the. Intrinsic conduction system and can stimulate its own contractions.
  • Cardiac muscle cells have special connections- action poteints in one muscel cell can be conducted to the next muscle cells- allows coordinated activity
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23
Q

intrinsic conduction system components

A 
sinoatrial node
atriventricular node
atrioventricular bundle
bundle branches
purkinjie fibers
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24
Q

whats the sinoatrial node do intrinsic conduction system

A
  • Right atrial wall, inferior to entry point of superior vena cava
  • Depolarises 80-100x per minute
  • ANS (parasympathetic) modifies this to 75x per minute
  • Acts as pacemaker and determines heart rate (sinus rhythm)
  • Parasympathetic ns slows down the heart rate to 75 beats per minute
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25
Q

whats the atrioventricular node do intrinsic conduction system

A
  • At the junction between the atria and ventricles
  • Delays impulses for 0.1 seconds while atria complete contraction
  • Generates impulses 40-60 times per minute
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26
Q

whats the artiovnetricular bundle do intrinsic conduction system

A
  • In the upper interventricular septum

- Only electrical connection between the atria to the ventricles

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27
Q

whats the bundle branches do in the intrinsic condition system

A
  • Travel in the interventricular septum to the apex
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28
Q

whats the purkinjie fibres do intrsisic conduction system

A
  • Penetrate ventricle walls, depolarise ventricular myocardium.
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29
Q

whats the extrinsic innervation of the heart involves

A

cardio aceeletartoy centre

cardioinhibitroy centre

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30
Q

whats the cardio accelatroy centre do

A
  • Increases both heart rate and force of contraction
  • Sympathetic input via thoracic spinal cord to the
  • SA node, AV node, myocardium and coronary arteries (causes dilation
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31
Q

whats he cardioinhibitaroy centre do

A
  • Decreases heart rate ONLY
  • Parasympathetic input via vagus nerve (CN X) to the
  • SA and AV nodes
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32
Q

whats an electrocardiograph

A
  • Cardiac electrical events can be detect with an electrocardiograph.
  • Electrode placed at particular sites on the body
  • Electrode location determines the graphic results
  • ECG electrocardiogram= graph of heart activity
  • Composed of all the action potentials generated by the heart.
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33
Q

whats the p wave

A

when the atrial is full of blood the SA node fires causes the atrial myocardium to depolarise= atrial systole

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34
Q

whats the QRS complex

A

Av node fires causes the ventricular moycardiumto depolarise= ventricle systole

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35
Q

whats the T wave

A

ventricles repolarise= ventricular diastole

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36
Q

systole

A

periods of contraction

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37
Q

distal

A

periods of relaxation

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38
Q

whats the cardiac cycle =

A

= one complete heart beat

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39
Q

stages of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. When the cycle begins, all 4 chambers are relaxed, ventricles are partially filled with blood (70%full)
  2. Atrial systole- atria contract, completely filling the relaxed ventricles with blood
  3. Atrial systole ends and atrial diastole begins continues until the start of the next cycle.
  4. Ventricular systole begins (first phase)- ventricular contraction pushes blood upwards and closes the AV valve but pressure not great enough to open the SL valves known as isovolumetric contraction.
  5. Ventricular systole continue (second phase)- ventricular pressure increases above arterial pressure, thus forcing SL valves open and pushing blood out of the ventricles known as ventricular ejection.
  6. Ventricular diastole – as the ventricles relax, arterial blood flows backwards and close the SL valves.
  7. Isovolumetric relaxation- ventricular pressure still greater than atrial pressure so the AV valves remain closed and blood cannot enter ventricles
  8. Ventricular diastole- all heart chambers are relaxed the AV valves are open, blood moves passive from the atria to the ventricles to 70% of their final volume,
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40
Q

how long does the cycle last and average heart rate

A

0.8 secnodsd

75bpm

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41
Q

whats the lubb of heart beat

A

closure of AV valves

42
Q

what the dubb of heart bear

A

closure of SL valves

43
Q

whats cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x heart rate

44
Q

whats heart rate mean

A

number of beats perminutes

45
Q

whats stoke volume mean

A

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

46
Q

whats cardiac output mean

A

volume blood pumped into the systemic circuit per minute

47
Q

whats the p wave

A

when the atrial is full of blood the SA node fires causes the atrial myocardium to depolarise= atrial systole

48
Q

whats the QRS complex

A

Av node fires causes the ventricular moycardiumto depolarise= ventricle systole

49
Q

whats the T wave

A

ventricles repolarise= ventricular diastole

50
Q

systole

A

periods of contraction

51
Q

distal

A

periods of relaxation

52
Q

whats the cardiac cycle =

A

= one complete heart beat

53
Q

stages of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. When the cycle begins, all 4 chambers are relaxed, ventricles are partially filled with blood (70%full)
  2. Atrial systole- atria contract, completely filling the relaxed ventricles with blood
  3. Atrial systole ends and atrial diastole begins continues until the start of the next cycle.
  4. Ventricular systole begins (first phase)- ventricular contraction pushes blood upwards and closes the AV valve but pressure not great enough to open the SL valves known as isovolumetric contraction.
  5. Ventricular systole continue (second phase)- ventricular pressure increases above arterial pressure, thus forcing SL valves open and pushing blood out of the ventricles known as ventricular ejection.
  6. Ventricular diastole – as the ventricles relax, arterial blood flows backwards and close the SL valves.
  7. Isovolumetric relaxation- ventricular pressure still greater than atrial pressure so the AV valves remain closed and blood cannot enter ventricles
  8. Ventricular diastole- all heart chambers are relaxed the AV valves are open, blood moves passive from the atria to the ventricles to 70% of their final volume,
54
Q

how long does the cycle last and average heart rate

A

0.8 secnodsd

75bpm

55
Q

whats the lubb of heart beat

A

closure of AV valves

56
Q

what the dubb of heart bear

A

closure of SL valves

57
Q

whats cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x heart rate

58
Q

whats heart rate mean

A

number of beats perminutes

59
Q

whats stoke volume mean

A

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

60
Q

whats cardiac output mean

A

volume blood pumped into the systemic circuit per minute

61
Q

factors that affect cardiac output

A

anything that affects stroke volume or heart rate

62
Q

when does blood move into the coronary arteries

A

when vesicles relax during heart beats because blood flows back to semilunar valves and drains into coronary sinus

63
Q

factors affecting EDV

A
  1. Venous return= amount of blood returning to the heart from systemic or pulmonary circuits- depends on:
    - Total blood volume
  2. Passive filling time= time both the atria and ventricles are in diastole
64
Q

whats preload

A

degree the myocardium is stretched before it contract= determines the force of ventricular myocardial contraction= determines SV

65
Q

how does EDV affects preload

A
  • Greater the EDV= increased preload= the more efficient the myocardial contraction= the greater the SV= frank starling law of the heart OR
    More blood in= more blood out
66
Q

whats ESV

A

the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of systole.

67
Q

factos affects ESV

A

contractility

afterload

68
Q

whats contractility

A

a measure of force of contraction

69
Q

whats aterload

A

a mesure of pressure in the arteries

70
Q

how does contractility affect ESV

A

Contractility; a measure of force of contraction
the greater the contractility= lower ESV= higher SV= higher CO
Increased by:
- Sympathetic stimulation of ventricular myocardium
- Hormones: adrenalin, noradrenaline, thyroxine
- High levels of extracellular Ca
- Exercise (increases size of the myocardium)
Decreased by:
- Acidosis
- Increased extracellular K levels

71
Q

how does after load affect ESV

A
  • The pressure that the ventricle must overcome to open the semilunar valves to eject blood into the arteries.
  • Not a major factor in determining SV in healthy people
  • Increased by any factor that restrict blood flow in the arterial system eg narrowing blood vessels in people with hypertension= decreases vessel compliance.
  • The longer it takes for the ventricle to generate enough pressure to open the SL valves, the less time there is for blood ejection.
72
Q

factors that affect heart rate

A 
-	ANS
hormones
-	Body temperature
-	Plasma electrolytes
Age
Gender: females fast because smaller heart
general health: unwell higher heart rate
physical fitness: good lower heart rate
73
Q

what does throxine do to hr

A

increase hr

74
Q

what increased extracellular sodium and potassium do to heart rate

A

decrease hr

75
Q

whats increased extracellular calcium do to heart rate

A

increase heart rate

76
Q

when does blood move into the coronary arteries

A

when vesicles relax during heart beats because blood flows back to semilunar valves and drains into coronary sinus

77
Q

the artery form which the left and right coronary arteries arise

A

base of aorta

78
Q

whats hypoxia mean

A

lack of oxygen

79
Q

where in the conduction system does the impulse pause for 0.1 seconds why is this important

A

atrioventricular node

allows the atria to complete contraction

80
Q

which components of conduction system depolarises ventricles

A

perkinjie fibers

81
Q

whats the sympathetic division affect in th sheart and what it does

A

SA and AV node
ventricular myocardium
increases HR and force of contraction

82
Q

whats the parasympathetic division affect and what it does to the heart

A

SA and AV node

decreases HR

83
Q

why does the hear need extrinsic autonomic innervation

A

modify the activity of the heart rate to meed the demands of the body

84
Q

whats the four valves order for the heart

A

tricuspid valve (try before buy)
bicuspid valve
pulmonay valve
aortic valve

85
Q

when does the tricuspid valve close

A

ventricular systole

86
Q

chorde tendinae do

A

prevents AV from everting into atria

87
Q

what does SV do to venous return

A

increase

88
Q

what cells make up the intrinsic conduction system

A

autorhythmic cells

89
Q

whats the only electrical connection between the Atari and the ventricles

A

AV bundle

90
Q

extrinsic regulation of cardiac function comes from the cardiovascular center in the

A

medulla oblongata

91
Q

what happens to hr if sv decreases due to dehydration and why dose it happen

A

increases to maintain CO eg efficient blood flow to organs and tissues

92
Q

what happens to SV if HR increases to very high levels

A

sv goes down because passive filling time decreases

93
Q

discharging chambers called

A

ventricles

94
Q

receiving chambers called

A

atria

95
Q

whats the valve before the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary (semilunar) valve

96
Q

whats the vavle near the atria but not the bicuspid valve

A

aortic (semilunar) valve

97
Q

whats the intrinsic conduction system generated by

A

autorthymic cells which generate and conduct action potentials through the myocardium to trigger contractions

98
Q

what do the coronary arteries do

A

supply myocardial cells with oxygen and nutrients

99
Q

what do the coronary veins do

A

remove waste products and drain deoxygenated blood Ito the coronary sinus

100
Q

“venous return =

A

cardiac output (what comes in must come out)

BMA1092 (14 decks)

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