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BMA1092 > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

whats the respiratory system structurally classified into and what do they do

A

Upper respiratory system: all responsible for cleaning, warming and humidifying incoming air. And reabsorbing the moisture and eat from outgoing air.
Lower respiratory system: responsible for conducting air to respiratory surfaces and for gas exchange.
Trachea and bronchus also responsible for warming, cleaning and humidifying the incoming air.

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2
Q

whats the respiratory system functionaly classified as

A

conducting zone

respiratory zone

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3
Q

whats the function of the conducting zone

A

conduct air to respiratory zone, cleaning warming and humidifying the air.

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4
Q

whats the function of the respiratory zone

A

where gas exchange takes place

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5
Q

whats the function of nasal hair

A

filters course particles from the air

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6
Q

whats. the function of muscus in the nose

A
  • traps particulate
  • moistens/humidifies the air
  • contains lysomzymes which kill bateria
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7
Q

whats the sensory very ending do in the nose

A

triggers sneezing which dislodges irritants

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8
Q

whats the function of mucocilliary escalatory

A

moves contaminated mucous to throat to eliminates particles in the stomach

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9
Q

what happens to the mucocoillary escalator when smoking

A

destoryed= cough

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10
Q

whats the function of nasal conchae

A
    • Inhalation; extensive network of blood vessels underlying the epithelium provides warm and moisture to air. Generates turbulence enhances filtering and cleansing.
  • Exhalation; reclaim heat and moisture.
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11
Q

function of subepithelial capillaries

A

warms the air (also helps to humidify air)

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12
Q

whats the pharynx

A
  • Passageway for air and food

- Contains lymphoid tissue (tonsil) which helps protect against pathogens

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13
Q

whats the larynx

A
  • Cartilages that surround and protect the opening of the tracheal
  • Functions:
  • Provides an open airway
  • Routines air and food into proper channels
  • Facilitates voice production includes the muscacilary escalator- moves contaminated mucus upwards.
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14
Q

whats the trachea

A
  • Windpope about 10 cm long goes to bronchi
  • Highly elastic- can move down and up during breathing
  • Includes the musocilairy escalaro
  • Supported by C shaped cartilage rings- prevent collapse during breathing
  • Smooth muscle can constrict- facilitates coughing
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15
Q

whats the three divisions of bronchioles and the subdivision in order

A 
primary bronchioles; divide into left or right
secondary bronchioles; each lobe
teritary bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
repiratorybroncholes
alveoli ducts to alveoli
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16
Q

whats alveoli

A
  • Large total surface area 1050 m squared
  • Surrounded by capillaries and fine elastic fibres
  • Alveoli formed type 1 epithelial cells= comprise the respiratory membrane where they contract surrounding blood capillaries.
  • Alveoli connected to each other via pores= equalises air pressure within the lungs
  • Scattered type ii epithelial cells secrete fluid containing surfactant and antimonial proteins.
  • Alveolar macrophages monitor.
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17
Q

whats the function of respiratory membrane

A
  • Thin air blood barrier
  • Fluid coating containing surfactant
  • Prevents drying out and facilitates gas exchange
  • Composed of
  • Single alveolar epithelial cell
  • Basement membrane
  • Pulmonary capillary endothelial cell
  • Site of gas exchange via simple diffusion
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18
Q

whats the structure of the lungs

A
  • Light, spongey, elastic, cone shaped organs.
  • The apex lies deep to the clavicle
  • The base rests on the diaphragm
  • The external surfaces adhered To the walls of the thoracic cavity
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19
Q

blood supply to lungs

A
  • Pulmonary circulation: pulmonary arteries delivers blood requiring oxygen to the lungs, provides nutrients for alveoli.
  • Bronchial circulation: bronchial arteries arise from the aorta to provide oxygenated systemic blood to all lung tissue except alveoli, also returns to blood through pulmonary veins.
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20
Q

whats air flow do

A

goes down a pressure gradients

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21
Q

whats the relationship between air and pressure

A
  • Lower volume= increase pressure

- Increase volume= decrease pressure

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22
Q

whats the steps of inspiration

A
  1. Inspiration muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises)
  2. Thoracic cavity volume increases (decreases pressure allows are to move in)
  3. Lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops by 1mmhg
  5. Air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure until intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
    (air flows down a concentration gradient)
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23
Q

whats the steps of expiration

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases.
  3. Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases (increase pressure)
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises by 1mmhg
  5. Air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
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24
Q

normal expiration involves

A

involves muscle relaxation only, not contraction. Depends on the elastic recoil of the lungs.

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25
Q

forced expression involves

A

occurs in physical activity or specific vocalisation

  • Internal intercostals = contraction further depress the rib cage
  • Involves contraction of accessory muscles eg rectus abdominus= pull rib cage down
26
Q

what stops the lungs collapsing

A
  • Surfactant reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid
  • Adhesive force of the pleural fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura (sticks) the lungs to the inner walls of the thoracic cavity
  • Elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thoarax outwards while the elastic recoil of the lungs creates an nward pull- negative intraplural perssrue keps the lungs adhered to the thoracic wall.
27
Q

whats the equation for gas flow

A

pressure divided by resistance

28
Q

whats resistance

A

Resistance = opposition to gas flow
- Due to friction between the air and airway walls
- Dependent upon airway diameter
Altering bronchiole diameter regulates gas flow
- Sympathetic stimulation= bronchodilation= decreases resistance= increase gas flow
- Parasympathetic stimulation= bronchoconstrsiotn- increase resistance= decrease gas flow
Increase resistance to gas flow is the basis of obstruction pulmonary disease

29
Q

whats the factors that affect ventilation (flow)

A

resistance
compliance
alveolar surface tension

30
Q

whats compliance

A

: a measure of the ability of the lungs and/ or thoracic cavity to expand/ stretch and thus enable inhalation
Depends on;
1. Lung elasticity
2. Alveolar surface tension
3. Flexibility of muscles and joints of the thoracic wall
Decrease in compliance leads to restrictive disorders

31
Q

whats a increase in resistance result in

A

obstructive disease

32
Q

whats decrease in compliance lead to

A

resitivicce disorder

33
Q

whats alveolar surface tension

A

Surface tension between water molecules in alveolar fluid.
- Tries to reue alveoli to smallest possible size
- Makes alveolar expansion during inspiration more difficult
Surfactant
- Lipid protein complex
- Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid which
- Prevents alveolar collapse
- Reduces effort required to expand aveoli= facilitaties ventilation

34
Q

whats infant respiratory disease syndrome

A
  • Premature infant have low survival rate
  • Premature infants do not produce adequate e surfactant
  • unable to keep alveoli inflated between breaths
  • requires enormous effort to inflate the alveoli during ventilation
  • may result in alveolar rupture and haemorrhage
    ̈ Treatment: spray airways with synthetic or natural surfactant
35
Q

whats tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing

36
Q

whats vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiratory effort = the total amount of exchangeable air in lungs. Alterations in VC an be used in the diagnosis of pulmonary disease/ disorders

37
Q

whats the cause effect and examples of obstructive disease

A

Cause – reduced airway diameter=increased resistance (i.e. hard to get air into/out of the lungs) reduced air flow = dyspnea (difficulty breathing)=hypoventilation
Effect on VC – takes longer to achieve and requires more effort
Examples – COPD, e.g. emphysema, chronic bronchitis (asthma)
Reduced airway diameter= increased resistance=dyspnea= hypoventilation
Emphysema – bronchiole collapse during exhalation, alveolar destruction
Bronchitis – irritants= accumulation of mucus in lower airways= inflammation and fibrosis= obstructs airways
Asthma – (allergic) inflammation within airways= bronchoconstriction

38
Q

what cause effect and examples of restrictive disorder

A

Cause – decreased compliance of lungs or thoracic wall à inability to change thoracic/lung volume and thus draw in air
Effect on VC – reduced
Examples – fibrosis, arthritis, paralysis
A decrease in compliance of the lungs can result from:
- chronic inflammation and fibrosis (scarring) àloss of lung elasticity, e.g. tuberculosis lack of surfactant of the thoracic wall can result from:
- arthritis= impaired joint movement
- ossification of costal cartilage (common in elderly)
- paralysis, e.g. muscular dystrophy
- deformities of the thorax

39
Q

whats the four things that determine gas exchange

A
  1. partial pressure gradients for each gas
  2. how soluble the gas is in alveolar fluid and plasma
  3. matching of alveolar ventilation (air flow) and pulmonary blood perfusion (blood flow).
  4. Structural characterises of the respiratory membrane
40
Q

the respiratory membrane

A
  • Thin basil membrane= rapid gas exchange
  • Large surface area= large amount of gas exchange
  • Alveolar fluid plus surfactant= prevents collapse, facilitates expansion, prevents dehydration and thus damage, facilitates diffusions
41
Q

oxygen transport

A
  • Oxygen s poorly soluble in water
  • Solution = red blood cells and haemoglobin
  • RBC are highly adapted for O2 transport
  • Large surface ares= rapid diffusion
  • No membrane bound organalles= 98% volume taken up by heamaglobin
  • Stackable and flexible
  • Heamoglobine increase oxygen carrying capciyt of blood by 50 times
  • The strength at which hb nings to oxygen is called the affinity
  • The affinity for hb for oxygen is influenced by:
  • Amount of oxygen present
  • Temperature, pH and PCO2.
  • Oxyhamaglobin= oxygen+ heamalogin
42
Q

factors affecting heamaglobin

A 
Increased by:
-	High PO2, occurs in the lungs so Hb binds O2 as blood moves through lungs
Decreased by:
-	Increased temperature
-	Decreased blood pH
-	Increased PCO2
43
Q

when oxygen transport decreases

A
  • Hypoxia= decreased oxygen at eh level of the tissue
  • Signs= blue ish skin, mucosae and nail beds
  • Causes:
  • Anaemia: too few RBC or decreased Hb
  • Ischemia blood circulation is reduced/blocked
  • Hypoxemia: reduced PO2 in blood
  • Histotoxic hypoxia: cells are unable to use oxygen
44
Q

percentage of where carbon dioxide transport goes

A
  • 10% dissolves in plasma
  • 20% bound to Hb
  • 70% as bicarbonate ions in plasma
45
Q

carbonic aid bicarbonate buffer system equation

A

carbon dioxide + water= carbonic acide= hydrogen ion+ bicarbonate ion

46
Q

what happens when you hyperventilate

A

= breathing out more CO= decrease PCO=favours left side= decrease ion levels = increase blood pH (equation goes backwards)

47
Q

what happens when you hypoventilate

A

( shallow slow breathing)= CO2 accumulates= increase PCO2 = reaction favours right side= increase hydrogen ion levels= decrease hydrogen ion levels = decrease blood pH (equation goes forwards)

48
Q

how does lactic acid affect plasma pH

A

increase acidic due to increase in hypogea ions = increase in carbon dioxide (equation goes backwards)

49
Q

how does plasma pH affect breathing rate

A

increase breathing rate and depth because stimulates repertory centors

50
Q

whats the most potent stimulus for breathing

A

increased carbon dioxide

51
Q

factors that affect rate and depth

A

CO2, H+ and (to a lesser extent) O2 - via chemoreceptors
Stretch/inflation of the lungs – via stretch receptors
Emotions (e.g. angry, frightened, excited) – via limbic system and the hypothalamus
Choice (voluntary control) – controlled by the primary motor cortex

52
Q

whats central chemoreceptors

A
  • Located in the brainstem (near the respiratory centres) detect changes in CO2
53
Q

whats peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • Located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses (bodies) and detect changes in pH, CO2 and O2
54
Q

effect of change in pH

A
  • Increased in the acidity of the blood causes hyperventilation
  • pH affects breathing but not as much as PCO2
55
Q

what do external muscles do

A

up and out (exit)

56
Q

whats do internal muscles do

A

in and down only occur when you have to force out a breath eg blowing balloon up

57
Q

what is ventilation perfusion coupling and why is it important

A

the matching of gas flow and blood flow, makes gas exchange more efficient

58
Q

what are the advantages of a thin repertory membrane with a large surface area

A

thin gas diffusion occurs quickly

large areas larger about of gas diffuse at one time

59
Q

under what conditions does oxyhemoglobin dissociate into oxygen and heamaglobn/ where do these conditions occur

A 
Increased temperature
Incresaed cardon dioxide level
Decreased pH
Decreased oxygen
In tissues (especilaly active tissues)
60
Q

3 facotrs that will increase the rate ad depth of breathing, beginning with most potent

A

increase co2 levels
decrease pH
vey low oxygen levels

BMA1092 (14 decks)

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