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Dermatology 2 > Farm animal parasitic skin disease > Flashcards

Farm animal parasitic skin disease Flashcards

1
Q

List the potential causes of skin disease in farm animals

A
  • Ectoparasites
  • Bacterial
  • Viral
  • Fungal
  • Prion
  • Nutritional
  • Toxic
  • Stress
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2
Q

What is the causative agent of sheep scab?

A

Psoroptes ovis mite, severe and contagious

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3
Q

Outline the importance of lice in sheep

A
  • Not as severe as sheep scab but associated with debility, weight loss
  • Important differential for sheep scab
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4
Q

Outline the importance of flies in cattle

A
  • Warble flies notifiable in Scotland

- Other flies are vectors for Morexella bovis and summer mastitis pathogens

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5
Q

What is pinkeye disease in cattle?

A

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis

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6
Q

What is the causative agent of pinkeye disease in cattle and how is it transmitted?

A
  • Morexella bovis

- Face fly is vector

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7
Q

Describe the presentation of pinkeye disease in cattle

A
  • 4 stages of severity

- Signs: corneal ulcers, oedema, lacrimation, opacity, epiphora

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8
Q

Outline the treatment of pinkeye in cattle

A
  • Antibiotics (IM, SC, topical, subconjunctival)

- Enucleation for type II

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9
Q

Outline the prevention of pinkeye in cattle

A

Fly control with topical SP e.g. permethrin

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10
Q

What factors increase the risk of pinkeye in cattle?

A
  • Dirty environments
  • Trees
  • Still air
  • Moist environment
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11
Q

What is ovine cutaneous myiasis caused by?

A
  • Aka blowfly strike

- Caused by blow flies: Lucilia spp, Calliphora spp, Phormia spp.

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for ovine cutaneous myiasis?

A
  • Warm and wet climate
  • Heavy, dense fleece increase risk
  • Wet, dirty fleece
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13
Q

Describe the treatment of blowfly strike

A

Insecticides e.g. synthetic pyrethroids or OPs, dips, topical pour ons

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14
Q

Outline methods of prevention for blowfly strike

A
  • Long acting SPs, IGRs
  • genetic selection for wool shedding breeds
  • Early shearing
  • Dagging
  • Good endoparasite control (prevent scouring)
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15
Q

What are potential risks of shearing in the prevention of blowfly strike?

A

Can increase the risk of Erysipelas (joint ill in sheep, aka post-shearing lameness) and dermatophilus

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16
Q

Name the species of warble fly of key concern in cattle in the UK

A

Hypoderma bovis and lineatum

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17
Q

Describe the clinical signs of warble flies in cattle

A
  • Lumps along back of cattle

- Unusual behaviour due to migration of grubs through body system

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18
Q

Outline the impact of warble flies

A
  • Gadding behaviour of cattle can lead to physical injury, poor production and growth
  • Ectopic migration and paralysis
  • Damage to hide by warbles
  • Reduced reproduction
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19
Q

What in particular causes ectopic migration of cattle grubs and consequent paralysis?

A

Use of the the wrong treatments

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20
Q

Why do cattle grubs reduce reproduction?

A

large number of warbles under skin in spring

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21
Q

What treatment is used for Hypoderma bovis or lineatum?

A

OPs, 98% effective in autumn and less effective in spring

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22
Q

Outline the management and control of warble flies

A
  • Required to dress all obvious warble-infested cattle in spring
  • Eradicated since 1990
  • All imported cattle tested on arrival
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23
Q

How is pediculosis diagnosed in farm animals?

A
  • Seen with naked eye, search through coat
  • Patchy alopecia
  • Acetate tape strip, unstained
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24
Q

Where are lesions due to pediculosis most likely to be found?

A

On areas where animal can itch itself

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25
Q

Describe the treatment for pediculosis in cattle

A
  • Pour on synthetic pyrethroid preparations e.g. deltamethrin (kills everything)
  • Pour on group 3 ML anthelmintics: avermectins e.g iver dora, eprino, kills everything
  • Injectable group 3 ML anthelmintics: remova all sucking and 98% biting lice
  • Treatment of all in contacts
  • Treat at start of winter housing period
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26
Q

Describe the treatment for pediculosis in sheep

A
  • Pour on synthetic pyrethroids e.g. deltamethrin, cypremethrin (kills biting lice)
  • Organophosphate dips (kills everything)
  • All sheep in diret contact treated, start of winter housing period
  • Injectable ML wormers not effective against biting sheep lice
27
Q

Where is chorioptic mange found?

A
  • Tail mange
  • Leg mange
  • Scrotal mange
28
Q

Where and what type of scrapes should be taken to identify Chorioptic mange?

A

Deep skin scrapes, from the edge of a lesion

29
Q

Describe the clinical signs of psoroptes infestation

A
  • Nibbling at selves
  • inappetance
  • Chronic lesions with crusting, yellow-green exudate
  • Discolouration with intensely pruritic animals highly indicative
30
Q

What are the legal requirements following diagnosis of psoroptes in sheep in all part of the UK?

A

Treat or slaughter (slaughter common choice due to long drug withdrawal periods)

31
Q

Discuss the use of the sheep scab ELISA in diagnosis

A
  • Assess flock status, not quick enough for clinical outbreaks (7-10 days for results)
  • Good if working up sheep herd management plan and want to establish risk
32
Q

Describe the characteristic appearance of Psoroptes ovis

A

3-segmented pedicles and funnel shaped suckers

33
Q

Describe the treatment for psoroptic mange in sheep

A
  • OP plunge dip e.g. diazinon (difficult vs injection)
  • ML injection: 1x doramectin/moxidectin = min. 17-28days protection
  • Need to move ML treated sheep onto scab-free pasture immediately after as it takes ~10days for treatment to kill all P. ovis mites
34
Q

What is the main disadvantage of treatment of P. ovis with moxidectin?

A

Resistance reported and repeated use of endectocides has meant that roundworm populations are also resistant

35
Q

Geographically, where are Ixodes ricinus ticks most commonly found?

A

Scotland, Wales, North and south-west England, occasionaly Dorset and South East

36
Q

Geographically, where are Haemaphysalis punctate ticks commonly found?

A

Coastal areas of Wales

37
Q

Outline the consequences of tick infestations in farm animals

A
  • Poor body condition
  • Weight loss and reduced milk yield
  • Hide/fleece damage
  • Intense irritation
  • Lesions may form around areas of bites incl. opportunistic bacterial infections
  • Prolonged infestation can lead to small granuloma formation due to retention of mouth parts or salivary secretions
38
Q

Outline the diagnosis of tick infestations in farm animals

A
  • Previous history esp. grazing history
  • Examination of skin often confirms presence of ticks
  • Examination of skin scraping and/or sticky tape impressions may reveal ticks or eggs
  • Rarely find ticks, base diagnosis on clinical signs
39
Q

How is Onchocerca spread? What is its clinical importance?

A

Spread by flies, little importance clinically

40
Q

What type of mite is Chorioptes bovis?

A

Surface mite of cattle and camelids

41
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Chorioptic mange in camelids

A
  • Milk pruritus
  • Alopecia
  • Scaling of feet and tail base
  • Extension to ventral abdomen, medial limbs and ears
42
Q

How is chorioptic mange diagnosed in camelids?

A

Superficial skin scraps at the edge of lesions

43
Q

List the mites that affect camelids

A
  • Chorioptes, Scabies, Psoroptes

- Demodex, Trombiculids

44
Q

Describe the treatment of Chorioptes infestations in camelids

A
  • ML based products may not be very effective, and dose, formulation and interval may need altering
  • Topical therapy e.g. fipronil spray, selenium sulphide shampoos, lime sulphur dips, pour on preparations effective
  • Bathing with keratolytic agents prior to treatment allows better penetration
  • Ivermectin dosage undefined for alpacas and llamas
45
Q

Suggest a treatment regime for using ivermectin in camelids to treat for Chorioptes

A
  • 400ug/kg subcut injection
  • May be weekly
  • Need to weigh and treat all animals accordingly due to carrier status
  • Need to cover 2 life cycles i.e. 6 weeks
  • Treat on day 0, day 21, day 42 ideally but ineffective, so weekly dosing
46
Q

Suggest environmental management to prevent chorioptic mange in camelids

A

Clean environment and bedding as can survive off host for up to 3 weeks

47
Q

Which species of Scabies causes sarcoptic mange in camelids?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei vs auchinae

48
Q

Describe the clinical signs of sarcoptic mange in camelids

A
  • Intense pruritus with hyperaemia, papules, pustules with crusting
  • Often on limbs, between toes, medial thighs, ventral abdomen, chest, axillae, perineum, prepuce affected
  • Similar to chorioptic
49
Q

What is an important risk to consider with sarcoptic mange in camelids?

A

Zoonotic

50
Q

Outline the diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in camelids

A
  • Superficial skin scrapes
  • Histopathology (NB biopsy rarely gives positive result)
  • Response to treatment (no response to previous treatment, likely to be scabies)
  • Assessment of predisposing factors
  • 1 mite found is enough for diagnosis
51
Q

Outline the treatment for sarcoptic mange in camelids

A
  • Poor response to macrocyclic lactone therapy

- Potentially fatal if not treated quickly

52
Q

What are the clinical signs of psoroptic mange in camelids?

A
  • Pruritus (less severe vs scabies), hair loss assocaited with pinnae and ear canal
  • Alopecia over shoulder, back, sides, tail, head, perineum, nares, axillae, groin neck and legs (extensive)
53
Q

How is psoroptic mange diagnosed in camelids?

A

Identification of mite if find any, long pedicles

- Multiple species, unable to differentiate which

54
Q

What ectoparasites is treatment with ivermectin at 200micrograms/kg SC often effective against in camelids?

A

Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, sucking lice

55
Q

What injectable treatment has been effective against lice, scabies and psoroptes in camelids and at what interval?

A

Moxidectin, 2 injections 7-10 days apart

56
Q

Why are topical applications of insecticidal/acaricidal products not as effective in camelids as in other ruminants?

A

Llama hair/fibre does not contain lanolin, so do not absorb and retain medication in hair

57
Q

Compare the efficacy of ivermectin in camelids to that in ruminants

A

Llamas do not absorb ivermectin (oral or injectable) as well as ruminants do

58
Q

Why are dips not used for camelids?

A

Too stressful

59
Q

Which species of louse has been identified in a British llama herd?

A

Bovicola breviceps

60
Q

How long do scab mites survive for off the sheep? What implications does this have for the treatment of sheep scab?

A

17 days
Must be moved to a clean field/barn following treatment, or treatment must have prevention for a minimum of 23 days if not immediate kill, or 21 days if kill immediately

61
Q

How long does it take for injectable treatments to kill sheep scab mites, and what implications does this have for the treatment of sheep scab?

A

Takes 7 days to kill
Any new sheep added to a flock must be treated on arrival, and must not be mixed with the flock or put somewhere that will be used by the rest of the flock soon for at least 7 days after treatment

62
Q

What is the cause of sheep scab lesions and what does this mean in terms of treatment?

A
  • Scab lesions are due to allergic reaction to mite faeces
  • After injectable treatment, may itch for a few weeks
  • After dipping should have no itching due to washing effect
63
Q

What should be avoided when using diazinon dip in the treatment of sheep scab?

A
  • Dipping hot, thirsty or stressed sheep
  • Dipping heavily pregnant ewes
  • Putting sheep in closed shed afterwards
  • Allowing faecal or soil contamination and using dirty dip
  • Allowing dilution of dip by dipping wet sheep or during heavy rain
  • Dipping within 14 days of drenching with product containing levamisole
64
Q

Explain why sheep showers should not be used in the control of sheep scab mites

A
  • OP dip formulations are only licensed for use as plunge dips
  • Aerosol of OP is dangerous to human
  • Showering may selet for P ovis mites that are resistant to OP

Dermatology 2 (23 decks)

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