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Microbiology > test one > Flashcards

test one Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

6 important characteristics of bacteria

A

unicellular, peptidoglycan cell walls, divide by binary fission, some motile, energy: use organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis, some pathogenic

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3
Q

characteristics of archaea

A

unicellular, live in extreme environments: methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles, do not cause disease

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4
Q

types of Eukaryotes

A

fungi, protozoa, algae, multicellular animal parasites

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5
Q

characteristics of fungi

A

unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mushroom, molds), chitin cell walls, heterotrophic

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6
Q

organisms that have chitin cell walls

A

fungi

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7
Q

Protozoa characteristics

A

absorb or ingest organic materials; some motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella; free-living/parasitic (derive nutrients from living host)

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8
Q

cellulose cell walls

A

algae

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9
Q

algae characteristics

A

cellulose cell walls, photosynthetic, green/red/brown

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10
Q

multicellular animal parasites

A

not strictly microorganisms

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11
Q

helminths

A

parasitic flatworms (tapeworms), roundworms (nematods)

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12
Q

characteristics of viruses

A

acellular, consists of DNA/RNA core, protein coat, envelope, requires host to divide

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13
Q

microbes may cause

A

disease and food spoilage + food borne disease

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14
Q

why is it important for us to study micro organisms?

A

prevention of food spoilage, prevention or treatment of diseases, understand causes and transmission if diseases, lead to development of aseptic techniques> infection control, discovery of antibiotics

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15
Q

only a small amount of bacterial species cause disease

A

true

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16
Q

why are probiotics important?

A

gut health, healthy immune system, weight issues, mental health

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17
Q

why is it important to know about microorganisms?

A

food spoilage, treatment of diseases, understand cause and transmission of disease, lead to development of aseptic techniques (infection control to prevent epidemics), discovery of antibiotics

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18
Q

why are microbes important?

A

nitrogen fixation, producers(photosynthesis), decomposers, Bioremediation (cleaning up)

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19
Q

microorganisms are also used in….

A 
biological insecticides( microbes as alternatives to chemical pesticides) 
Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA Tech 
Food production 
Designer jeans 
Gas
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20
Q

what is the correct way to write a scientific name?

A

Sansevieriatrifasciata or Sansevieria trifasciata (italicized)

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21
Q

carl woese

A

devised a system of classification showing the phylogenetic relationships of organisms based in the rDNA sequences

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22
Q

when did humans first use microbes?

A

8000 years ago Babylonians used yeast to make bear
6 k years ago acetic acid to make vinegar
5 k years ago Persians used yeast to make wine

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23
Q

Who was the first person to observe cells and discovered the cell theory?

A

Robert Hooke,

noticed living things were composed of cells

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24
Q

who was the person that said “cells come from other cells”

A

Rudolf Virchow

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25
Q

who was the first person to see live microorganisms “animalcules”?

A

Antoni Von Leeuwenhoek

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26
Q

Francisco Redi

A

Rotting meat experiment (filled jars with meat)
open jars = maggots
closed jars = no maggots
supported biogenesis

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27
Q

John Needham

A

boiled nutrient broth then put in corked flask
boiled nutrients broth, cooled then sealed flask w cork
Results: microbial growth
would think spontaneous generation

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28
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

Conditions
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed
results: no microbial growth
results dismissed because need O2 to grow

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29
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

father of mbio
pored beef broth into a long-necked flask
boiled killed all microbes
did not appear in the cooled soln, even after long periods

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30
Q

John Tyndall

A

could not reproduce Pasteurs results

found some bacteria could resist boiling in hay infusions

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31
Q

what was Pasteur able to show?

A

spoilage of food
animal diseases
fermentation

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32
Q

Pasteurization

A

treat food with mild heat that will kill some microbes and kills pathogens

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33
Q

Ignaz semmelwise

A

advocated for hand washing

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34
Q

who developed aseptic technique & used chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections?

A

Joseph Lister

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35
Q

who was the first person to show that microbes caused disease

A

Robert Koch

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36
Q

showed that isolation with cowpox virus protected against smallpox
vaccination = immunity

A

Edward Jenner

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37
Q

Paul Erlich

A

speculated “magic bullet” towards chemotherapy, kills pathogen, not host

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38
Q

who was the first person to discover the first antibiotic?

A

Alexander Fleming; discovere penicillin

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39
Q

what PH do organisms best grow in?

A

6.5-8.5

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40
Q

what are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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41
Q

macromolecules

A

lg polymers consisting of small organic molecules (monomers) joined by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions

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42
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
energy source

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43
Q

Polysaccharides

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen = all polymers of glucose

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44
Q

lipids

A

high energy molecules

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45
Q

simple lipids

A

fats or triglycerides, fatty acid tails may be saturated or unsaturated

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46
Q

complex lipids

A

phospholipids: polar head, non polar tail
steroids: 4 carbon rings with OH attached

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47
Q

Proteins

A

essential in cell structure and function

made of AA

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48
Q

type of bonds that connect AA together

A

peptide bonds, through C atom of carboxyl group and N of AA

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49
Q

conjugated proteins

A

AA and other organic molecules

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50
Q

types of conjugated proteins

A

glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, lipoproteins, phosphoproteins

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51
Q

resolution

A

ability for the lenses to distinguish between 2 points

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52
Q

how can resolution be improved?

A

light: shorter wavelength

immersion oil

53
Q

100x can’t be used because…

A

refractive Index

54
Q

bright-field illumination

A

dark objects against a bright background

for viewing colored or stained specimens

55
Q

darkfield illumination

A

light objects against a dark background

for viewing unstated or life specimens

56
Q

phase contrast microscopy

A

diffraction of light that passes through specimen

for viewing live specimens + internal structures

57
Q

florescence microscopy

A

UV light
emit visible light and absorb the uv
for viewing pathogenic bacteria in cells and tissues

58
Q

confocal microscopy

A

uses fluorchrone dyes and laser beam

produce 3d image

59
Q

scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM)

A

measures sound waves reflected back from an object

detects cancerous cells

60
Q

electron Microscope (EM)

A

uses electron beams instead of light

61
Q

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

to see sections of cells, uses ultra thin sections of specimens
requires extreme skills
1000x better than light microscope

62
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

beam of electrons scan surface if specimen

produce 3d image for surface structures

63
Q

scanning Tunneling Microscopy

A

uses metal probe to scare surface if a specimen

resolution 1/1000 of an atom

64
Q

basic dye

A

chromophore is a cation

methylene blue binds to bacteria and stained because bacteria is negatively charged

65
Q

acidic dye

A

anion
nigrosin negatively changed, so does not bind with Bacteria
known as negative staining

66
Q

mordant purpose

A

used to hold stain

67
Q

simple stains

A

use single dye

look @ shape, arrangement, and basic structures

68
Q

differential stains

A

gram stain

acid- fast stain

69
Q

Gram stain

A

classifies bacteria between gram + and -, important because can tell which antibiotic to use. + more sensible to antibiotics

70
Q

Acid- Fast stain

A

to identify mycobacterium and nocardia species
have waxy cell walls
acid-fast cells retain basic stain in presence of acid-alcohol
non-acid-fast cells lose basic stain

71
Q

Special stains

A

used to distinguish specific parts of bacterial cells

capsule stain, endospore stain, flagella stain

72
Q

capsule stain

A

gelatinous coat does not accept stains

appears a halo around the cell

73
Q

endospore stain

A

dormant, resting structures formed by bacteria under adverse conditions
has thick coat-resistant to harsh conditions, stains
uses heat to drive stain into endospores

74
Q

flagella stain

A

uses mordant to build ip flagella wide enough to see

75
Q

which technology is used to detect a pathogenic bacterial cell in tissues and cells?

A

florescence microscopy

76
Q

which microscope is used for viewing 3D microbes?

A

confocal microscope

77
Q

which can be used to detect cancerous cells?

A

scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM)

78
Q

used to via sections of cells

A

transmission of electron microscopy (TEM)

79
Q

which one is used to view surface structures?

A

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

80
Q

how can bacteria be differentiated?

A

morphology and arrangement, chemical composition, nutritional requirements, biochemical activities

81
Q

what are the shapes of bacteria?

A

coccus, bacillus, spiral

82
Q

types of coccus

A

diplococci, streptococcus, staphylococci

83
Q

what structures can we find in EVERY cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid containing DNA

84
Q

bacterial cells may/may not have these structures

A

pilus, capsule, cell wall, flagella, inclusions, plasmids, fimbriae

85
Q

structures outside the cell

A

glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, pili, sex pili

86
Q

function of glycocalyx

A

prevent phagocytosis, desiccation, attachment, nutrient reserve

oral streptococci

87
Q

parts of flagella

A

filament, hook, basal body

88
Q

monotrichous

A

single flagella

89
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella surrounding all cell

90
Q

lophotrichous

A

lots of flagella on one side of the cell

91
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagella on both sides of the bacterial cell

92
Q

chemotaxis and phototaxis

A

bacterial motility towards or away from chemical or light

93
Q

motility is determined by

A

wet mount or hanging drop,

semisolid agar

94
Q

whats axial filaments and in what class of bacteria are they found

A

“corkscrew” rotation to move cell

they are found in spirochetes

95
Q

fimbriae

A

hair-like, allow attachment

E. coli

96
Q

pili and sex pili

A

involved in motility (gliding, twitching, motility)

may be used to transfer DNA between 2 bacteria

97
Q

main structure of cell wall in bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

98
Q

what is the peptidoglycan made up of?

A

sugar backbone (polymer of disaccharide) and peptides (cross-link sugar backbone)

99
Q

gram + cell walls

A

thick peptidoglycan cell walls
teichoic acids (-charged): regulate cation movement
lipoteichoic acid: link PTG to plasma membrane
wall teichoic acid: links PTG to PTG
Thin layer of PTG in between

100
Q

Gram - cell walls

A

think layer of PTG
periplasm- large, has degenerative enzymes
outer-memebrane has : phospholipids, lipoproteins, porin proteins, lipopolysaccharides
- O polysaccharide
-Lipid A- endotoxin

101
Q

name 4 differences between gram + and - bacteria

A 
\+: 
thick peptidoglycan 
techoic acid 
no outer membrane 
have thin periplasm 
-: 
all opposite
102
Q

mechanism of gram staining

A
  1. crystal violet
  2. iodine
  3. decolorization (alcohol)
  4. safranin stain
103
Q

acid-fast cell walls

A

mycobacterium and nocardia

have mycelia acids bound to PTG

104
Q

mycoplasmas

A

lack cell walls, sterols in plasma membrane

105
Q

archaea

A

wall-less, walls of pseudumurein

106
Q

atypical cell walls

A

acid-fast cell walls, mycoplasmas, and archaea

107
Q

what can damage the cell walls

A

penicillin and lysozyme(found in bodily secretions)

108
Q

Structures inside the cell wall

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, inclusions, endospores

109
Q

functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. retain cytoplasm
  2. serve as selective barrier
  3. contains enzymes for ATP production
  4. some have photosynthetic pigments on folding called chromatophores and thylakoids
110
Q

how is the plasma membrane damaged?

A

alcohols, detergents (quaternary ammonium), polymyxin antibiotics

111
Q

how do materials get into the cytoplasm with no use of energy

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

112
Q

osmotic conditions:

A

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

113
Q

what causes osmotic lysis

A

hypotonic conditions

114
Q

what causes plasmolysis

A

hypertonic conditions

115
Q

how do materials get inside the cell with energy

A

active transport and group translocation

116
Q

group translocation

A

molecule outside is transformed during process of transportation

117
Q

bacterial cytoskeleton proteins similar to eukaryotes

A

FtsZ, MreB, CreS

118
Q

FtsZ

A

homolog to Tubulin (recruits other proteins to divide site

119
Q

MreB

A

Homolog of Actin, important in cell determination

120
Q

CreS

A

homolog to intermediate filaments, important in shape determination

121
Q

proteins unique to bacteria

A

min proteins and par proteins

122
Q

Min proteins (min CDE)

A

determines correct time and site of separation, inhibits formation of Z-ring

123
Q

Par Proteins (par MCR)

A

involved in plasma segregation, divides plasmids when cell divides

124
Q

ribosomes in bacteria

A

30s subunit + 50s subunit = 70 s ribosome, target of many antibiotics

125
Q

nucleoid and plasmids

A

nucleiod : single, circular chrmosome

plasmids: extrachromosomal DNA

126
Q

inclusions

A

usually in aquatic bacteria
nutrient reserves:
storage granules, carboxysomes, magnetosomes, gas vacuoles

127
Q

endospore (survival mechanisms)

A

in Clostridium and bacillus

dehydrated, resting cells formed in harsh conditions

128
Q

sporulation

A

endospore formation

129
Q

germination

A

return to vegetative stage

Microbiology (8 decks)

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