test 4 gram + bacteria and archaea

Question 1

what are the 2 groups of gram + bacteria?

Answer 1

firmcutes

actinobacteria

Question 2

firmicutes

Answer 2

gram +, low G C count

Question 3

Clostridiates (firmicute)

Answer 3

endospore producing rods

obligate anaerobes

includes disease-causing C. botulinum, C. perfringens

Question 4

Epulopiscium Fishelsoni (firmicute)

Answer 4

giant bacteria found in gut of surgeonfish from Red Sea

-can be seen with naked eye

Question 5

bacillales

Answer 5

bacillus

staphyloccocci

Question 6

bacillus

Answer 6

endospore forming rods; found in soil; produce antibiotics;

Question 7

staphylococcus

Answer 7

cocci; form clusters

s. aureus- golden pigment, survives high osmotic pressure
- –medically important because they produce toxins, resistant to antimicrobial agents

Question 8

Lactobacillales order

Answer 8

• Aerotolerant anaerobes, lack electron transport chain—> slightly fermentative
• lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Listeria

Question 9

Lactobacillus

Answer 9

lactic acid producing commercially used

-production of yogurt

Question 10

Enterococci

Answer 10

found in GI tract

• persists in hospitals
• surgical wounds and UTIs

Question 11

Streptococcus

Answer 11

human pathogens

-hemolysis on blood agar

Question 12

Listeria

Answer 12

psychotropic bacterium
- causes listeriosis, can lead to meningitis
usually food borne

Question 13

Mycoplasmatales (NO endospores )

Answer 13

lack cell wall, pleomorphic

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae causes pneumonia, has undergone degenerative evolution

Question 14

Actinobacteria (gram positive, high G C )

Answer 14

highly pleomorphic, branching filaments, often common

Question 15

Mycobacterium

Answer 15

Aerobic, non-endospore forming rods,

-has mycolic acids in cell walls

Question 16

Corynebacterium

Answer 16

aerobic, bacilli, club shaped

Question 17

Propionibacterium

Answer 17

produces propionic acid

causes acne

Question 18

soil bacteria

Answer 18

strepmyces and Actinomycetes

produces : spores, geosmin, many antibiotics

Question 19

Nocardia

Answer 19

form fragmenting filaments ; acid fast

N. asteroides; causes pulmonary infections

Question 20

special characteristics of archaea

Answer 20

lack peptidoglycan in cell wall but have psedomurein, rRNA sequences different from bacteria and eukaryotes, they are highly diverse

Question 21

hyperthermophiles

ex:

Answer 21

grow in over 80 C temps,

example: Sulfolobus: in acidic and sulfuric rich hot spring

found in hyper thermal vents

Question 22

extreme halophiles ex

Answer 22

halobaterium

Question 23

methanogens

Answer 23

anaerobic, methane producing bacteria

ex: methanobacterium

Question 24

bacterial sizes in archaea range, how so?

Answer 24

Thiomargarite namibiensis (750micrometer)

Epulopiscium fishelsoni (60x800 micrometer)

Nanobacteria (.02micrometer) in rocks

Question 25

many bacteria have not been identified or characterized yet, why? what method is used to detect bacteria that cannot be cultured yet?

Answer 25

they need special nutrients, or they are part of a complex food chain

-PCR: detects bacteria that cannot be cultured