7.1 Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
In an closed system, the degree of entropy can only increase
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transferred or transformed but cannot be created or destroyed
What is anabolism?
Process of making things using energy
What is catabolism?
The process of breaking down things and release of energy 
What is photosynthesis?
Sunlight energy is converted into organic molecules
What is respiration?
Organic molecules are oxidised
If Y becomes reduced what is the reducing agent
The reducing agent is X
If X is oxidised what is the oxidising agent?
Y is the oxidising agent
In a redox reaction what is more electronegative?
The one that is reduced (oxidising agent)
Which is more stable glucose or CO2?
Glucose is more unstable (has more energy)
CO2 is more stable (less energy)
How do you calculate ΔG?
ΔG = product - reactant
What are the three way food molecules are broken down to produce ATP?
Digestion: enzymes break down large polymers into monomer, these enter cells for oxidation
Glycolysis: glucose is partially oxidized into pyruvate, pyruvate is oxidized into Acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle: complete oxidation of Acetyl CoA
How is ATP made?
By direct transfer of phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP, catalysed by an enzyme
Where is glycolysis taking place?
In the cytosol
What is one 6-carbon glucose oxidised into?
Two 3-carbon pyruvate
What is the role of enzymes in the oxidation of glucose?
They couple oxidation reactions to energy storage
What happens to NAD+ electron carriers?
They are reduced into high energy NADH
What is a limitation of glycolysis?
The stores of NAD+ are finite, if O2 is not present NADH will accumulate and the cell will run out of NAD+
What happens in pyruvate dehydrogenase?
3-carbon pyruvate oxidised into 2-carbon Acetyl CoA
CO2 is released as waste product of this respiration
1 energy rich NADH is gained
Action moved from the cytosol to the matrix of the mitochondria
What is release from the citric acid cycle (kerbs cycle)
3 reduced NADH
1 reduce FADH2
1 ATP
2 CO2
