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BRS 7: Dermatology > 7.1: Intro To Dermatology pt1 > Flashcards

7.1: Intro To Dermatology pt1 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

4 layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Basement membrane (dermal-epidermal junction)
Dermis
Subcutaneous fat

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2
Q

What is the epidermis composed of

A

Keratinocytes

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3
Q

Where in the epidermis do cells divide in

A

Basal layer

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4
Q

Cell types of the epidermis

A

Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum (palms and soles only)
Stratum corneum

Progressive differentiation / flattening towards surface

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5
Q

Why is the skin thicker on palms and soles

A

Composed of stratum lucidum, no nuclei or organelles, tougher skin

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6
Q

Characteristics of stratum corneum

A

No nuclei or organelles

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7
Q

Cellular progression of epidermis

A

From basal layer to the surface
Takes 30days
Accelerated in skin diseases e.g psoriasis

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8
Q

Structure of the epidermis

A

Gap junctions
Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
Tight junctions

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9
Q

Characteristics of gap junctions

A

Essential for cell synchronization, cell differentiation, cell growth and metabolic coordination

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10
Q

Role of tight junctions

A

Barrier integrity and cell polarity

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11
Q

Characteristics of desmosomes

A

Major adhesion complex in epidermis
Anchor keratin intermediate filaments to cell membrane and bridge adjacent keratinocytes
Allow cells to withstand trauma

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12
Q

3 other cells in epidermis

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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13
Q

Characteristics of melanocytes

A

Dendritic
Distribute melanin pigment to keratinocytes
Number of melanocytes is equal along all skin types

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14
Q

Characteristics of langerhans cells

A

Dendritic
Antigen-presenting cells

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15
Q

Characteristics of merkel cells

A

Mechanosensory receptors

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16
Q

3 layers of the dermis

A

Supporting (Extracellular) matrix - resilience
Papillary dermis
Reticular dermis

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17
Q

Components in the skin dermis

A

Proteins - collagen (1 and 3), elastic fibres (fibrillin and elastin)
Glycoproteins - fibronectin, fibulin, integrins
Ground substance - glycosaminogylcan, proteoglycan

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18
Q

Function of glycoproteins found in skin dermis

A

Facilitate cell adhesion and cell motility

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19
Q

What % of the skin dermis is made up of collagen

A

80-85%

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20
Q

Primary cells in the dermis

A

Fibroblasts

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21
Q

5 cells within the dermis

A

Histiocytes
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Dermal dendritic cells

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22
Q

Vascular supply of the skin

A

Deep and superficial vascular plexus, doesn’t cross epidermis

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23
Q

Reason behind Innervation of the skin

A

Sensory
Autonomic
Cholinergic
Adrenergic

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24
Q

4 nerve cells supplying the skin

A

Meissner’s corpuscle
Ruffini corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Merkel cell (unencapsulated)

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25
Characteristics of meissner’s corpuscle
Most concentrated in thick hairless skin Light touch
26
Characteristics of the Ruffini Corpuscle
Highest density around fingernails Sensitive to skin stretch Monitors slippage of objects
27
Characteristics of pacinian corpuscle
Deep pressure vibration -> detects surface textures Dermal papillae of hands and feet
28
Merkel cells are responsible for what kind of touch
Light, sustained touch, pressure
29
What nerve endings are responsible for light touch
Meissner Merkel Free
30
What nerve endings are responsible for touch, pressure
Merkel Ruffini Pacinian Free
31
What nerve endings are responsible for vibration
Meissner Pacinian
32
What nerve ending is responsible for temperature
Thermoreceptor
33
What nerve ending is responsible for pain
Nociceptor - free nerve endings
34
Microbiome is
Genome of microbiota
35
Microbiota are
Bacteria, fungi and viruses
36
Bacteria presence on the skin
1 million /cm2 skin Predominantly Actinobacteria
37
Role of microbiota
Role in immune modulation and epithelial health Role In chronic disease
38
6 functions of the skin
Physical barrier Immunological barrier Thermoregulation Sensation Metabolism Aesthetic appearance
39
What cells are responsible for the skin acting as an immune barrier
Langerhans cells
40
How do Langerhans cells make the skin act as an immune barrier
Part of the dendritic cell / macrophage family Sentinel cells in epidermis Initiate immune response against microbial threats Contribute to immune tolerance For, dense network with which potential invaders must interact
41
What self antibiotics does the skin produce
Antimicrobial peptides : keratinocyte-derived endogenous antibiotics-> innate immune defence against bacteria, viruses and fungi
42
What is immune surveillance carried out in the dermis by:
Tissue resident T-cells Macrophages Dendritic cells - rapid effective immunological backup if epidermis breached
43
How does the skin act as a barrier
Physical barrier against external environment Cornfield cell envelope and stratum corneum restrict water and protein loss from skin Subcutaneous fat - important role in cushioning trauma UV barrier Melanin in basal keratinocytes- protection against UV- induced DNA damage
44
How does the skin thermoregulate body temperature
Vasodilation or vasoconstriction in deep or superficial vascular plexuses -Regulates heat loss Eccrine sweat glands -cooling effect Role in fluid balance
45
Metabolic function of the skin
-Vitamin D synthesis -Subcutaneous fat : Calorie reserve, 80% of total body fat, hormone (leptin) release - acts on hypothalamus : regulates hunger and energy metabolism
46
2 functions of the skin determining aesthetic appearance
Psychosexual function Increased risk of suicide
47
3 skin appendages
Pliosebaceous units Sweat glands Nails
48
6 functions of hair
Protection against external factors Sebum Apocrine sweat Thermoregulation Social and sexual interaction Epithelial and melanocytes stem cells
49
Two hair types
Terminal hairs Vellus hairs
50
Characteristics of terminal hairs and where they are found
Long follicle deep within the skin Scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes
51
Characteristics of vellus hairs and where they are found
Superficial follicle Found in the rest of the body apart from palms, mucosal regions of lips, and external genitalia
52
3 components of the hair cycle
Anagen Catagen Telogen
53
In the anagen phase of the hair cycle …
New hair forms and grows 85% of hair forms 2-6 years
54
the catagen phase of the hair cycle is called
Regressing phase 1% hair, lasts 3 weeks
55
The telegenic phase of the hair cycle is called
Resting phase 10-15% of hair, lasts 3 months
56
Structure of the pilocebaceous unit
Composed of the : Hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous glands Arrest or pili (smooth muscle) extends at angle between surface of dermis and point in follicle wall
57
Two portions of the hair
Infundubulum and Isthmus
58
Characteristics of the infundibulum of the hair
Uppermost portion of the hair follicle Extending from opening of sebaceous gland to surface of skin
59
Characteristics of the isthmus of the hair
Lower portion of the upper part of hair follicle between opening of sebaceous gland and insertion of affect or pili muscle Epithelium keratinization begins with lack of granular layer named “trichilemmal keratinization”
60
Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands Apocrine sweat glands
61
Characteristics of Eccrine sweat glands
Almost everywhere on the skin Open directly onto the skins surface
62
Characteristics of Apocrine sweat glands
In areas with many hair follicles such as scalp, armpits, groin Open into hair follicle
63
Characteristics of the nail plate
Final product of proliferation and differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes Emerges from proximal nail fold Grows 1-3mm/month Firmly attached to nail-bed Detaches at hyponychium Lined laterally by lateral nail folds
64
Characteristics of nail matrix
Produces nail plate Lies under proximal nail fold, above bone of distal phalanx Lunula only visible proportion Contains melanocytes
65
Differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes results in
Lose their nuclei , strictly adherent, cytoplasm completely filled by hard keratins
66
5 functions of nails
Protection of distal phalanx Counter pressure effect to pulp- important for walking and tactile sensation Increase dexterity / manipulation of small objects Enchanted sensory discrimination Scratching or grooming

BRS 7: Dermatology (3 decks)

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