7.1 : The Industrial Revolution (Pgs. 447-451) Flashcards
Industry
The process of using machines and large-scale processes to convert raw materials into manufactured goods.
Stimulated social, political, demographic, and economic changes in societies at all scales.
Raw Materials
The basic substances such as minerals and crops needed to manufacture finished goods.
Market
A place where products are sold.
Cottage Industries
Small home-based businesses that made goods.
Industrial Revolution (IR)
A series of technological advances. Resulted in more complex machinery driven by water or steam power that could make products faster and at lower costs than could cottage industries.
^ Characteristics of cottage industry vs. factory manufacturing
Cottage Industry: Small scale of production, One Family, Human Labor, House or small workshop, Low Capital Investment, Slow speed of production, Low efficiency, Local Market.
Factory Manufacturing: Large, Dozens to Thousands, Machines, Factory, Large Capital Investment, Fast speed of production, High efficiency, Local and Global Market.
^ Global-scale diffusion of IR vs. local scale of IR diffusion
Industrialization from Great Britain to nearby France and Netherlands. Mid-1800s, spread east to Germany and west to the U.S. Early 1900s, reached all of Europe, Japan, parts of China, and South America.
^ Social, economic, and geographic changes to cities as they grow
Air pollution increased to harmful, even deadly, levels. Smog caused the normal death rate to double. Over time, people supported stronger government action–such as building sewers and regulating cemeteries–to protect public health.
Middle class expanded rapidly. Industry needed factory managers, accountants, lawyers, clerks, and secretaries. In addition, the demand for workers who could read and write increased, so did the demand for teachers and professors.
^ Impact of IR on imperialism and colonies
GB + France desired to control trading posts and colonies around the world, and looked to colonies to provide various resources. Several European countries and the U.S. had colonies around the globe. Development of imperialism made wealthy countries even wealthier, leading to a greater divide between the advanced, industrialized states and the underdeveloped, nonindustrialized states.
Industrial Belt
Large Urban areas that provided a significant workforce and along coasts or rivers which provided easy transportation to global markets. Stretched across the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Included the northeastern and midwestern United States, much of Europe, part of Russia, and Japan.
Deindustrialize
A process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs.
Rust Belt
Regions that have large numbers of closed factories.
