Surgery - open vs closed + bypass principles

Question 1

Open heart surgery is any surgery requiring ?-? ?, whereas closed does not require this

Answer 1

cardiopulmonary bypass

Question 2

CP bypass

• takes over ? and ? fx - gives ? ?-free field for operation
• ? aorta clamped and cannulated, with ? line inserted into right ? to drain venous blood
• the system involves a ? exchanger to regulate ?, also there’s an ?, an arterial ? and a filter

Answer 2

heart and lung
motionless blood
ascending
venous
atrium
heat 
temp
oxygenator
pump

Question 3

CP bypass
-there’s no ? bl flow, so potential for ? damage is minimized by ? the heart in a high ? solution (cardioplegic), and also by ? the myocardium to between ? and ? degrees

Answer 3

coronary
ischaemic
arresting
potassium
cooling
4-12

Question 4

CP bypass

• main complx are due to activation of the ? ? within the bypass machine, which consumes clotting factors and ?
• prevented with ? dose systemic ? before cannulation, reversed after op with ? sulphate.
• ? products may also be needed to reverse this

Answer 4

clotting cascade
platelets
high
heparin
protamine
blood