Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Theriogenology > Equine Neonatology and Foal Care > Flashcards

Equine Neonatology and Foal Care Flashcards

1
Q

Neonatal period

A

Vulnerable period

  • protected environment
  • parturition and environmental insults
  • critical time in first 4 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The first 24 hours

A

Foals can crash, but may be delayed from time of insult

  • quick intervention is critical
  • well foal check 18-36 hrs of age, sooner if any risk factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal behaviors

A
  • righting reflex: sternal by 5 min
  • standing: within 1 hr
  • nursing by 2 hrs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adapting to extra-uterine life

A
  • surfactant: >300 days but some don’t produce until parturition
  • fluid in lungs: most forced out by compression thru birth canal
  • transient changes in blood parameters: hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, hypercapnia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Premature is birth before _____

A

320 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dysmaturity

A

Birth of a full term immature foal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

History of mare

A
  • NI positive
  • prepartum risk factors: placetitis, premature placental separation, fescue consumption
  • dystocia
  • has she passed her placenta
  • history of poor-doing foals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Placenta

A

Thorough exam for thickening, purpulent material, rupture at cervical star
- weight should be <11% of foal’s weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Meconium staining

A

Fetal stress prior to or during delivery

- meconium aspiration: chemical pneumonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

With placentitis, the placenta would have ______

A

Inflammatory changes and purulent exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

With fescue toxicosis, the placenta would have ______

A

Normal appearance, but edematous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Signs of prematurity

A
  • small size
  • silky coat
  • domed forehead
  • curled back/soft ears
  • weakness
  • limb deformities
  • foal should be BAR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normal stance

A
  • hypermetric gait is normal
  • sensitive to touch
  • wide stance
  • exaggerated responses to stimulation is normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

General impression

A

Weakness and lethargy are first signs of impending trouble

  • decreased milk consumption
  • look at udder
  • foals should nurse 4-8 times an hour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PE - head

A
  • MM: pink, moist, CRT <2 sec

- always check for cleft palate!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PE - eyes

A
  • pupillary light reflex and blink reflex at birth but menace absent for up to 2 weeks
  • low corneal sensitivity
  • injected/hemorrhaged sclera
  • entropion
  • congenital cataracts
17
Q

Physical exam

A
  • heart rate of 60-100 bpm
  • murmurs are common in very young foals –> ductus arteriosus has physiologic closure by 24 hrs
  • any murmur after 7 days requires further investigation –> VSD’s are the most common congenital heart defect
18
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Range of 99-101.5 F

  • able to thermoregulate at birth due to no brown adipose
  • preemies/compromised neonates are susceptible to hypothermia
  • precolostral energy source is endogenous glycogen
19
Q

Palpate the chest

A
  • rib fractures (common in Thoroughbreds and draft breeds)
  • palpate both sides simultaneously
  • US
  • stall rest for 2 weeks, seclusion for 4-6 weeks
  • use care when restraining
20
Q

Palpate the umbilicus

A
  • dried stump at 24 hrs
  • falls off in 1-2 weeks
  • hernia
  • hemorrhage
  • patent urachus
21
Q

Umbilical care

A

1: 3 dilution of Nolvasan Solution is preferred, longest duration of activity and does not cause tissue damage and necrosis
- do NOT use tincture of iodine

22
Q

Limb examination

A

Legs are 60-70% of adult length

  • cant stand, cant nurse
  • most will correct in a few days
  • oxytetracycline for contractures
  • may have fractures or effusions
23
Q

Frequent urination

A

145-155mL/kg/day

  • failure to urinate may indicate ruptured bladder
  • colts urinate sooner than fillies
24
Q

CBC

A

N:L ratio

  • > 3:1 suggests maturity
  • <1:1 poor prognosis
25
Q

IgG

A

Gut closure initiated by ingestion

  • <400 mg/dl = FPT
  • 400-800 mg/dl = partial FPT
  • > 800 mg/dl = adequate
26
Q

Colostrum

A

Best within 2 hrs

  • 1.5-2 L over multiple feedings
  • frozen
  • caution neonatal isoeythrolysis
27
Q

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

Mare produces alloantibodies against foal RBCs

  • Aa and Qa antigens
  • previous exposure
  • hrs to days after colostrum ingestion: weak, depressed, anemia, pale, jaundice
28
Q

Prophylactic antibiotics

A

Controversial

  • typicaly 5 cc of procaine penicillin
  • actinobacillosis
  • indicated for partial FPT (broad spec)
29
Q

Blood culture

A

If any sign of sepsis

  • temp
  • bands
  • maternal issues
  • be quick to perform this test
  • sterile prep and blood collection
  • useful in antibiotic failure
30
Q

Meconium impaction

A
  • prophylactic enemas
  • most common cause of colic
  • acetylcysteine retention enema in severe cases
31
Q

Tube feeding

A

Indwelling stomach tube

  • feed 10-15% of body weight in milk over 24 hrs
  • feed every 1-2 hrs, check for reflux, 25% weight after a few days
  • orphaned foals
32
Q

HIE/Dummy foal

A

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy/neonatal maladjustment syndrome

  • due to dystocia or placental insufficiency
  • may appear normal at birth
  • deteriorate 24-72 hrs –> lose suckle reflex, lethargic, milk face
33
Q

New foal exam

A
  • foaling history
  • examine placenta
  • observe from a distance
  • check udder
  • physical exam
  • navel care
  • serum IgG
  • enema
  • penicillin

Theriogenology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions