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Theriogenology > Retained Placenta, SIPS, Pyometra, Vaginal Hyperplasia, Brucellosis, Ovarian Remnant > Flashcards

Retained Placenta, SIPS, Pyometra, Vaginal Hyperplasia, Brucellosis, Ovarian Remnant Flashcards

1
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Some post-parturient hemorrhage is normal

  • were placentas pulled out?
  • oxytocin
  • dogs have Hct of 30% at term
  • transfusion rarely needed
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2
Q

Retained placenta

A
  • rare
  • thick vaginal discharge
  • possible toxic shock
  • may be able to pull placenta out
  • oxytocin q4-6 hours for 3 days
  • prostaglandins for ecbolic effects
  • antibiotics if showing clinical signs
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3
Q

Acute metritis

A

Ascending infection of the uterus

  • fever, dehydration, anorexia, depression, purulent discharge
  • culture and cytology –> degenerate neutrophils
  • supportive care –> hypovolemic shock
  • antibiotics, prostaglandins
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4
Q

Normal lochia

A

Nonodorous, greenish black

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5
Q

Sub involution of placental sites

A

Trophoblastic cells invade the endometrium and erode into a blood vessel –> sanguineous vaginal discharge for longer than 6 weeks

  • young bitches <3 years OHE in worst cases
  • resolve spontenously
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6
Q

Vaginal hyperplasia

A

Seen during proestrus and estrus

  • condition of estrogen exposure
  • ovulatory induction, OHE, topical therapy, surgery
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7
Q

Acute mastitis

A

Hot, painful, enlarged glands

  • hematogenous, ascending through teat oriface
  • staph, strep, E. coli
  • supportive care, antibiotics
  • rule out mammary adenocarcinoma
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8
Q

Pyometra

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

  • secondary to repeated exposure to progesterone
  • uterus becomes infected during estrus
  • becomes pus filled during diestrus
  • releases toxins into circulation
  • E. coli most common!
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9
Q

Pyometra commonly occurs ______

A

4-8 weeks after estrus

- middle to older aged intact females

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10
Q

Clinical signs of pyometra

A
  • ADR
  • PU/PD –> E. coli releases endotoxin which interferes with ADH ability to resorb fluid in the tubule
  • anorexic
  • vaginal discharge
  • shock and death
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11
Q

Pyometra diagnostics

A
  • vaginal cytology
  • CBC
  • chemistry panel
  • radiographs and ultrasonography
  • culture
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12
Q

Pyometra medical treatment

A

For open pyometra’s only!!

  • prostaglandins (start with low dose)
  • breed next cycle
  • recurrence is common
  • OVH once breeding career is over
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13
Q

Ovarian remnant syndrome

A

Not pathologic, complication of OHE

  • more common in cats than dogs
  • occurs when piece of retained ovary becomes functional
  • revascularization of fragments can occur
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14
Q

ORS recognition

A

Spayed female exhibiting signs of proestrus/estrus

  • vulvar swelling
  • mucoid to serosanginous discharge
  • behavioral signs of estrus, attracting male dogs
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15
Q

ORS rule outs

A

Condtions that cause bloody vaginal discharge in spayed females

  • vaginitis
  • vaginal neoplasia
  • stump pyometra
  • trauma
  • exogenous estrogen exposure
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16
Q

Average interval from OHE to estrus is ______

A

Over 15 months

- could be years

17
Q

ORS - vaginal cytology

A

Consistent with proestrus or estrus in the absence of exogenous estrogen exposure
- predominant cornified/squamous cells

18
Q

ORS - vaginoscopy

A

Vaginal edema

19
Q

ORS - radiographs

A

Not helpful

- exception: US may be helpful on large breeds with large follicles or cysts present

20
Q

Hormone profile of ORS females

A
  • measure P4 after estrus subsides –> 2 weeks later, P4 > 2 confirms presence of luteal tissue
  • LH concentration –> spayed females have high LH (ORS dogs may have an LH surge)
  • AMH levels –> produced by sertoli cells and granulosa cells, elevated AMH levels indicate functional ovarian tissue
21
Q

ORS - surgical treatment

A

Most remnants are found at pedicles

  • if ovarian tissues not visualized, do excisional biopsy of pedicles
  • submit for histopath
  • increased incidence of neoplastic changes in ovarian remnant vs intact females
22
Q

ORS - medical management

A

Mibolerone (Cheque)

- not recommended

23
Q

Canine Brucellosis

A

Identified in 1966 as cause of infertility and abortion in dogs

  • incidence is low, can be endemic in some breeding colonies
  • zoonotic
24
Q

In what states is Brucellosis reportable?

A

GA and IL

- only Brucella abortus, suis, melitensis are reportable in MS

25
Q

Brucella canis

A

Obligate intracellular gram-neg coccobacillus

- natural infection restricted to canines

26
Q

B. canis - oral transmission

A

Ingestion of bacteria (most common)

  • placental tissue
  • vaginal discharge
  • mammary secretions
27
Q

B. canis - sexual transmission

A
  • venereal

- AI: most extenders with antibiotics have been found to be ineffective against B. canis

28
Q

B. canis - vertical transmission

A
  • congenital infection if pups are born alive and survive

- ingestion of milk from infected bitch

29
Q

Prolonged bacteremia without _____ is important in Brucellosis

A

1-2 years, without fever

30
Q

Clinical signs in female

A
  • abortion in late gestation
  • early embryonic death
  • seropurulent vaginal discharge
31
Q

Clinical signs in male

A
  • prostatitis
  • epididymitis
  • scrotal dermatitis
  • testicular degeneration
  • orchitis is rare
32
Q

General symptoms of Brucellosis

A
  • lymphadenopathy
  • anterior uveitis (chronic and unresponsive)
  • discospondylitis
  • arteritis
  • protein losing nephropathy
33
Q

Serology

A

Significant lag time between initial exposure/infection to seroconversion/positive blood culture

  • seroconversion: 8-12 weeks (need 3 consecutive monthly tests)
  • blood culture: 4-6 weeks
34
Q

RCAT

A

Rapid card agglutination test

  • antibodies to Brucella LPS antigen
  • very sensitive, not very specific
  • cross-reacts with antibodies against Bordetella, Pseudomonas, Moraxella-type organisms
  • 2-mercaptoethanol increases specificity!!
35
Q

AGID

A

Used to confirm positive RSAT

  • cytoplasmic antigens
  • more specific
  • 12 weeks to seroconvert
36
Q

What is the gold standard of diagnosing Brucellosis?

A

Culture

- rarely done, danger to lab personnel

37
Q

Other tests of Brucellosis

A
  • PCR of semen

- vaginal swab

38
Q

Brucellosis treatment

A

Euthanasia should be considered

  • OHE/castration
  • baytril
  • doxycyline + gentamicin + rifampin
39
Q

Control of Brucellosis

A
  • quarantine
  • clean daily
  • test and eliminate all positives
  • test monthly until 3 negative tests in a row
  • test every 6-12 months for surveillance
  • house new dogs separately for 2 months
  • should have 2 negative tests before introduction

Theriogenology (25 decks)

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