B1-Cell Structure

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

Controls the cell has dna and contains the genes on the chromosomes to carry instructions for making the proteins needed to new cells or organisms.

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

Liquid gel where most chemical reactions needed for life take place and organelles are suspended.

Question 3

Cell membrane

Answer 3

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 4

Mitochondria

Answer 4

Aerobic Respiration takes place releasing energy for the cell.

Question 5

Ribosomes

Answer 5

Protein synthesis takes place here making all the proteins needed for the cell.

Question 6

Cell wall

Answer 6

Made of cellulose strengthens and supports the cell.

Question 7

Chlorophyll

Answer 7

Absorbs light for the cell to make photosynthesis for food.

Question 8

Permanent vacuole

Answer 8

Made of water and cell sap makes cells rigid to support the plant.

Question 9

Nerve cell

Answer 9

To carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body. Long, Connections at each end and Can carry electrical signals

Question 10

Sperm cell

Answer 10

Job: To reach female cell, and join with it. Special features: Long tail for swimming and Head for getting into female cell

Question 11

Muscle cell

Answer 11

Job: move bones. Special features: Lots of mitochondria to produce energy, Long and skinny to help cells contract and extend for movement and Lots of nuclei to help large cell communicate

Question 12

Red blood cell

Answer 12

Job: to carry oxygen around the body. Special features: Large surface area, for oxygen to pass through, Contains haemoglobin, which joins with oxygen and Contains no nucleus

Question 13

Root hair cell

Answer 13

Absorb water and minerals and has a large surface area including a fold

Question 14

Ciliated epithelial cell

Answer 14

Job: move particles out of your body. Special features: Microvilli bumpy extension of apical surface increases surface area and absorption rate. Goblet cells single cell glands which produce protective mucus

Question 15

Eukaryotes

Answer 15

Cells of animals, plants and fungi are called eukaryotic cells. They contain membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus and mitochondria.

Question 16

Prokaryotes

Answer 16

These cells do not contain membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus and mitochondria.

Bacterial cells are called prokaryotic cells.

Question 17

How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar

Answer 17

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have some structures in common:
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall (in some eukaryotes)

Question 18

How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells different?

Answer 18

Prokaryotes are simpler than the cells of eukaryotes and are smaller, most are 0.2 μm - 2.0 μm. Prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus and mitochondria. But have a single loop of DNA free in the cytoplasm and an additional circular piece of DNA called a plasmid, used to transfer genetic material from one cell to another. As well as prokaryotes do not have vacuoles and chloroplasts that some eukaryotes have.

Question 19

Magnification

Answer 19

Is the act or process of enlarging the physical appearance or image of something.

Question 20

Resolution

Answer 20

The number of pixels in a digital image is known as the image resolution. The resolution is measured in dots per inch (sometimes called pixels per inch)

Question 21

Equation: magnification=

Answer 21

Size of image/ size of real object

Question 22

Exchange surfaces

Answer 22

Every organism, whatever its size needs to exchange materials with the environment.
How easy the exchange of substances is depends on the organism’s surface area to volume ratio (SA: V ratio).
The smaller the organism, the larger its surface area to volume ratio.

Question 23

Photosynthetic

cells

Answer 23

Function: So plants can produce their own food by photosynthesis adaptions: Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that trap the light needed, large permanent vacuole helps keep cell rigid as result of osmosis

Question 23

Xylem cells

Answer 23

Function: Carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots and also helps support the plant
Adaptions: Cells die and from long hollow tubes that allow the water and minerals to move easily, spirals and rings of lignin make them strong so they can withstand pressure

Question 24

Phloem cells

Answer 24

Function: Carries food made by photosynthesis around the body of the plant
Adaption: Cell walls between the cells break to form sieve plates which allow water carrying dissolved food to move freely up and down the tubes when needed

Question 25

How is amoeba adapted for gas exchange

Answer 25

Lives in fresh water allowing for easy diffusion of nutrients and small body so diffusion can supply requirements.

Question 26

How is lungs adapted for gas exchange

Answer 26

Breathing movements good concentration gradient. Alveoli massive surface area for diffusion. Moist surfaces so gases dissolve for efficient diffusion. Rich blood supply so concentration gradient maintained. Short distance between alveoli and blood.

Question 27

How is human gut adapted for gas exchange

Answer 27

Large food molecules broken down into small food molecules (digestion), villi large surface area for diffusion, rich blood supply maintains concentration gradient for diffusion, short distances for diffusion, moist surfaces and active transport of substances.

Question 28

How is flat worm adapted for gas exchange

Answer 28

Flattened body - reduce diffusion distance between surface and inside cells + increase surface area

Question 29

How is leaves adapted for gas exchange

Answer 29

Flat and thin for large surface area and short diffusion distances; internal air spaces; stomata to let air in and out.

Question 30

How is fish gills adapted for gas exchange

Answer 30

Gills: vertical gill arches/bars have layers of filaments coming off them horizontally
Filaments contain lamellae at right angles to them
-Greatly increase the surface area for O2 and CO2 gas exchange

Question 31

How to make gas exchange more efficient

Answer 31

A large surface area in which exchange can take place so more exchange done. Having a thin membrane or being thin to provide a short diffusion path making it as short as possible so gas exchange can occur quicker. Maintaining a steep concentration (diffusion) gradient like animals having an efficient blood supply. And being ventilated in animals makes gas exchange more efficient by maintaining steep concentration gradients.