Chapter 2 - Biological Beginnings

Question 1

What is natural selection?

Answer 1

The evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

Question 2

What is the evolutionary perspective?

Answer 2

Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior. In this sense of it refers to the ability to bear aspirin that’s what I have long enough to their offspring of their own

Question 3

What are youse were proposed by evolutionary developmental psychologist?

Answer 3

• And extended childhood period Evolved because humans required time to develop a large brain and learn the complexity of human social societies
• Many psychological mechanisms our domain specific meaning we have to consider the immediate context and how development and biology are affected by that context

Question 4

How does bandura evaluate evolutionary psychology?

Answer 4

Although Bandura acknowledges the important influences of evolution on human adaptation, he rejects one-sided evolutionism.

Bandura sees development as bidirectional -> We the species interact and change the environment and the environment interact and changes us as a species

Evolution gave us by structures and biological potentialities, not behavioural dictates

Question 5

What are chromosomes?

Answer 5

• Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA).
• Has a double helix shape.
• It contains genetic information

Question 6

What are genes?

Answer 6

• Units of hereditary information;
• direct cells to reproduce themselves into a simple proteins;
• proteins are the building blocks of cells and regulate the body processes;
• the activity of genes (genetic expression) is affected by their environment

Question 7

How many chromosomes do we have in the human body cells?

Answer 7

All cells in the human body except for the sperm and egg have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs

Question 8

What is fertilization?

Answer 8

The process in which an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called the zygote

Question 9

What is meiosis?

Answer 9

The process by which cells in the reproductive organs (sperm and eggs) duplicate their chromosomes, then divide twice forming four cells each having half of the genetic material of the parent cell. By the end of meiosis each egg or sperm has 23 unpaired chromosomes

Question 10

What is a mutated gene?

Answer 10

Permanently altered DNA segment

Question 11

What is a genotype?

Answer 11

A persons genetic heritage; the actual genetic material.

Question 12

What is a phenotype?

Answer 12

The way in individuals genotype is expressed in an observable and measurable characteristic

Question 13

Provide an example of how environment alters genes?

Answer 13

Runners gene in Kenya

Question 14

What are sex linked genes?

Answer 14

Most mutated genes are recessive, when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called X linked inheritance

Haemophilia and fragile X syndrome or examples of excellent in Heritance disease

Question 15

Where does opposition to stem cell research generally come from?

Answer 15

Ethical and moral issues

Question 16

What are prenatal diagnostic tests?

Answer 16

Different tests that can be used to get a picture of potential developmental issues

Question 17

What are the three basic forms of stem cells?

Answer 17

Embryonic stem cells, embryonic germ cells, and adult cells

Question 18

What is gene slicing?

Answer 18

Entering genetic code and removing the damaged portion and replacing with a healed code

Question 19

What is the definition of infertility

Answer 19

And inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

Question 20

What is in vitro fertilization?

Answer 20

Eggs and sperm are combined in the laboratory dish

Question 21

What is gamete intrafallopian transfer?

Answer 21

Eggs and sperm are directly inserted into fallopian tube

Question 22

What is zygote intrafallopian transfer?

Answer 22

A two step procedure: eggs or first fertilized in the lab, then they are transferred to a fallopian tube

Question 23

Define adoption

Answer 23

The social and legal process by which a parent child relationship is established between two people unrelated at birth

Question 24

What is the purpose of behaviour genetics?

Answer 24

Seek to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

Question 25

What are twin studies?

Answer 25

Twin studies compare the behavioural similarity of identical twins with the behavioural similarity of fraternal twins.

Question 26

What is the purpose of adoption studies?

Answer 26

Investigator seek to discover whether the behaviour or psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like their adoptive parents or their biological parents: nurture versus nature

Question 27

What are some heredity and environment correlations?

Answer 27

• Individuals genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed
  – individuals inherit environments that may be related or a link to genetic propensity’s

Question 28

What are the three ways that heredity and environment are correlated as described by behaviour geneticist Sandra scarr?

Answer 28

1. passive genotype environment correlations
2. evocative genotype environment correlations
3. active (niche picking) genotype environment correlations

Question 29

What are passive genotype environment correlations?

Answer 29

Occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a resting environment for the child

Question 30

What are evocative genotype environment correlations

Answer 30

Occur because the child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments

Question 31

What are active (niche picking) genotype environment correlations?

Answer 31

When children seek out environments they find a compatible and stimulating

Question 32

What is the epigenetic view?

Answer 32

• States that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
  – environment modifies the proteins that regulate genetic activity altering gene expression

Question 33

What is the gene X environment interaction (gxe)

Answer 33

– The interaction of a specific measured a variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment
example maternal depression affects your expression of infants, which affects infant behavior, which changes maternal behaviour i.e. the environment)

Question 34

What is pharmacogenetics?

Answer 34

Field of study of Jhené environment interaction involving the individuals genotype and drug treatment (The environment factor)

• The goal of many pharmacogenetics studies is to discover if certain drugs are safer or more dangerous to use if the individuals genotype is known

Question 35

What are some conclusions of the heredity and environment interaction?

Answer 35

– The emerging view is that complex behaviours have some genetic loading to gives people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory
– development requires an environment which is complex
– the interaction of heredity and environment is extensive
– much remains to be discovered about the specific ways there heredity and environment interact to influence development