Chapter 10 Socioemotional Development

Question 1

Define emotion

Answer 1

A state of being - moment to moment.
Feeling you get from an interaction that is important to you.
Influenced by nature and nuture

Question 2

Examples of positive and negative emotions?

Answer 2

Positive: enthusiasm, joy, love
Negative: anxiety, sadness, anger, guilt

Question 3

What does the evolutionary theory say about emotion?

Answer 3

Evolution gave humans a biological foundation for emotion. We developed certain emotions because they aided our survival

Question 4

How would you provide evidence that emotion is biological?

Answer 4

Use infants as an example: have the ability to show distress, excitement, and rage

Question 5

The biological foundations of emotion involve…

Answer 5

…The development of the nervous system

Question 6

Evolutionary Theory states that emotions are linked to what?

Answer 6

Early developing regions of the nervous system - including structures of the limbic system and brainstem

Question 7

Give an example of how caregivers help with children’s neurobiological regulation of emotion?

Answer 7

A child hears parents fighting > stops playing > cries (shows distress) > parents sooth the infant - helps infant modulate their emotion and reduce stress hormone levels

Question 8

What is the result of the significant advances in emotional responding that occurs during infancy?

Answer 8

Changes in neurobiological systems that can exert control over the more primitive limbic system

Question 9

What does emotional development look like in childhood?

Answer 9

As children develop, the cerebral cortex matures which leads to fewer mood swings and an increase in self-regulation of emotion

Question 10

What does emotional development look like in adolescence?

Answer 10

Many mood swings as a result from the earlier development of the amygdala (passionate) before the frontal cortex (reasoning and self-regulation)

Question 11

What is one piece of evidence that emotion is learned as well as biological?

Answer 11

Culture variation. “Display Rules” of emotion (when where and how they should be expressed) are not universal

Question 12

Provide an example of cultural variation of emotion

Answer 12

Asian infants display less frequent and less intense positive and negative emotions than caucasian infants because asian parents encourage children to be more emotionally reserved whereas caucasian parents are more likely to provide attention to distressed infants

Question 13

Sum up how biology and environment effect emotion.

Answer 13

Biological evolution gave humans the ability to be emotional but relationships with society and peers provide diversity in emotional experiences

Question 14

What is the developmentalists view of emotions?

Answer 14

Developmentalists see emotions as the result of individuals’ attempts to adapt to specific contextual demands. *emotions change based on context

Question 15

according to developmentalists, what role does emotion play in social interaction?

Answer 15

emotional expressions signal to others how we feel, regulate our behaviour, and play pivotal roles in social interaction as well contexts can elicit emotion

Question 16

How do funtionalists view emotion?

Answer 16

1. view emotions as relational rather than strictly internal, intrapsychic phenomena
2. Emotions are linked with goals (goal=value=inmportant to me=emotion)

Question 17

What is emotional Competence?

Answer 17

focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience.

Question 18

What is Carolyn Saarni’s stance on becoming emotionally competent?

Answer 18

argues that becoming emotionally competent involves developing a number of skills in social contexts and as we (esp. children) acquire these emotional competence skills in a variety of contexts we are more likely to manage our emotions effectively > become resilient and develop more positive relationships

Question 19

What shapes a child’s emotional competence?

Answer 19

Parenting behaviours as well as learning to use skills that manage emotions in social contexts

Question 20

What are primary emotions?

Answer 20

Emotions that are present in both humans and animals, and appear early in life such as hot anger sadness fear and disgust

Question 21

What are self conscious emotions?

Answer 21

Emotions that require self awareness (sense of “me”) such as jealousy, empathy and embarrassment

Question 22

Describe the basic cry

Answer 22

Rhythmic pattern
Cry 
followed by silence
Short whistle - higher pitch than regular cry
Another rest
Cry

Question 23

Describe the anger cry

Answer 23

Variation of the basic cry but louder and more forceful - excess air forced through vocal cord

Question 24

Describe the pain cry

Answer 24

Sudden long loud cry
Breath holding

-caused my high-intensity stimulus

Question 25

What is a reflexive smile vs a social smile

Answer 25

Reflexive smile: is not in response to external stimuli - appears during first month after birth - usually in sleep

Social smile: is in response to external stimuli - typically a face. Occurs as early as 4-6weeks (response to caregiver)

Question 26

What is the duchenne marker and at what age does it start to appear

Answer 26

Duchenne marker: eye construction (Crows feet) often coupled with mouth opening
- appears at 6-12 months in response to highly enjoyable interactions

Question 27

What is anticipatory smiling?

Answer 27

Communicating a preexisting positive emotion by smiling at an object and then smiling at parent

Question 28

When does fear appear in infants?

Answer 28

At about 6months of age and peaks at about 18months

*abused/neglected infants show as early as 3 months

Question 29

Infant fear links to what traits at 6-7yrs?

Answer 29

Guilt, empathy and low aggression

Question 30

What is stranger anxiety? Appearance?

Answer 30

Babies fear and wariness towards strangers.

Appears second half of first year

Question 31

What is separation protest?

Answer 31

Response to infants being afraid of parents leaving. Results in crying when they leave

Question 32

What are six important emotional developments during middle and late childhood?

Answer 32

1. Improved emotional understanding
2. Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation
3. More tendency to be aware of the events that lead to emotional reactions
4. Ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
5. The use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings
6. A capacity for genuine empathy

Question 33

What is Chess and Thomas’s Classification?

Answer 33

Identification of three basic types of temperament:

1. Easy child
2. Difficult child
3. Slow to warm up child

Question 34

What is an easy child?

Answer 34

Generally positive mood
Quickly established routine in infancy
Adapts easily to new experiences

Question 35

What is a difficult child?

Answer 35

Reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, slow to accept change

Question 36

What is a slow to warm up child?

Answer 36

Low activity level
Somewhat negative
Displays a low intensity of mood

Question 37

What is Kagan’s behavioural inhibition?

Answer 37

Another way of classifying temperament that focuses on differences between a shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable extroverted, bold child

Question 38

How does Jerome Kagan perceive shyness with strangers?

Answer 38

As one of a broad category called inhibition to the unfamiliar:
React to unfamiliarity by avoidance, distress. Beginning 7-9 months