Digestive Tract Glands

Question 1

What is the Merocrine secretory mechanism?

Answer 1

Most common - Exocytosis of secretory vacuoles. No loss of cellular components. Ex) parotid, pancreas, sweat glands.

Question 2

What is the Apocrine secretory mechanism?

Answer 2

Cells are pinched off from membrane. Some cytoplasm is lost. Ex) mammary, prostate, eye lid

Question 3

What is the Holocrine secretory mechanism?

Answer 3

The cell disintegrates and everything in it become gland secretion –> eventual apoptosis. Ex) sebaceous gland of skin

Question 4

What are the 3 major salivary glands? Describe each.

Answer 4

1) Parotid - largest, under ear, opens inside cheek near parotid papilla
2) Submandibular - under mandible, makes 70% saliva, opens under tongue
3) Sublingual - pair, smallest, under tongue

Question 5

What are the 3 types of secretory acini?

Answer 5

1) Serous
2) Mucous
3) Mixed - serous demilune

Question 6

What are the exocrine glands of the digestive system?

Answer 6

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

Question 7

What are the 3 functions of saliva?

Answer 7

Lubrication, digestion, immunity, mineralization.

Question 8

Intralobular ducts are also known as what?

Answer 8

Secretory duct

Question 9

Interlobular ducts are also known as what?

Answer 9

Excretory duct

Question 10

What type of acini make up the parotid gland? And what does this gland secrete and by which cell?

Answer 10

Serous acini; IgA part of saliva made by plasma cells

Question 11

What type of acini make up the submandibular gland?

Answer 11

Mixed - serous demilunes

Question 12

What type of acini make up the sublingual gland?

Answer 12

Mixed but mostly mucous; serous demilunes

Question 13

What are the salivary gland diseases?

Answer 13

Obstructive, infectious, immunological, tumors (parotid most affected)

Question 14

Out of 100%, what type of gland is the pancreas?

Answer 14

98% exocrine and 2% endocrine

Question 15

The digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions - or pancreatic juice - are made from which part of the pancreatic gland?

Answer 15

Exocrine or serous gland.

Question 16

What does the endocrine portion of the pancreatic gland produce?

Answer 16

Islets of Langerhans = Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

Question 17

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 17

Type 1 is often in children and they have an autoimmune disease that attacks their Beta cells that produce insulin. Type 2 occurs in adults usually and they are insulin resistant so they make insulin but the body cannot use it.

Question 18

How does the dual blood supply of the liver work?

Answer 18

70%: Portal vein has blood that has gone through GI organs. It is lover in O2, has waste/toxins, etc, but has lots of nutrients.
20%: Hepatic artery is coming aorta and is rich in O2.
The blood from both mix int he sinusoids, exchange materials with liver, and drain out –> hepatic vein –> IVC

Question 19

What doe the liver do?

Answer 19

Exocrine gland makes lots of bile. Makes plasma proteins (blood-clotting, albumins, glyco-, lipo-), stor and convert vitamins, metabolic activities, detoxify drugs, endocrine like function in modifying hormones

Question 20

What is bile made of?

Answer 20

Water, electrolytes, bile salts cholesterol and phospholipids

Question 21

What is parenchyma?

Answer 21

Hepatocyte plates. Seperated by sinusoids

Question 22

What are the spaces of Disse?

Answer 22

Perisinusoidal spaces. Sites of material exchange. Hepatocytes have microvilli for increase in SA. Hepatic stellate cells = Ito cells for vit A storage.