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Science For Medicine Jess > Autonomic Phisiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Phisiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two headings under autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic (fight and flight)

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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2
Q

How many ganglions are there in the somatic nervous system?

A

Just one

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3
Q

What do somatic nerves innervate?

A

Skeletal muscle.

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4
Q

What do autonomic nerves innervate?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
(Involuntary)

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5
Q

How many neurones does the autonomic nervous system have (at each)

A

2 (pre-ganglionic neurone)

(Post- ganglionic neurone)

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6
Q

What are the main differences between the pre-ganglionic neurone and post-ganglionic neurone?

A

Pre-ganglionic: small and MYLENTATED

Postganglionic: UNMYLENATED.

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7
Q

What is different about the nature of the NMJ of the somatic nervous system?

A

Very SPECIALISED/ specific.
The receptors are all ION-TROPIC
The target skeletal muscles are ALWAYS excited.

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8
Q

What is different about the nature of the NMJ of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Much LESS specialised/ specific (lots of neurotransmitters are released into a general region of many receptors, which are scattered.
The receptors are all METABOTROPIC - via G-protein etc.
Can excite AND inhibit.

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9
Q

Can the somatic nervous system inhibit skeletal muscle?

A

NO, only excite. Always reaches threshold.

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10
Q

What type of receptors are present in the autonomic nervous system?

A

METABOTROPIC - G proteins etc.

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11
Q

What is the name for the outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranio-sacral

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12
Q

Which are longer- the pre or post-ganglionic neurones of the para-sympathetic nervous system?

A

PRE ganglionic.

LONG- short

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13
Q

What is the outflow of the sympathetic nervous system called?

A

Thoracic-lumbar.

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14
Q

Where is the lumbar region found?

A

Between the thoracic and sacral regions.

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15
Q

Which is longer - pre-ganglionic or post-ganglionic in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Post
Short-long
(Pre ganglionic until sympathetic trunk, then long to target molecule)

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16
Q

What is the structure present in the autonomic, sympathetic nervous system called which all the pre-ganglionic neurones attach to?

A

The sympathetic trunk.

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17
Q

What is mass activation in the sympathetic nervous system and what contributes to it?

A

Lots of ganglia being activated.

CONVERGENCE and DIVERGENCE (many pre-ganglionic neurones attaching to one post-ganglionic neurone and vice versa).

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18
Q

What is the white ramus?

A

The MYLENTAED pre-synaptic ganglions/ fibres of the autonomic nervous system.

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19
Q

What is grey ramus?

A

The UN-MYLENATED post-ganglionic fibres of the autonomic nervous system.

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20
Q

Where can the ——— trunk be found?

A

The sympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system.

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21
Q

What are the two different neurotransmitters (hormones) that are released called?

A

Acetyl-choline

Noradrenaline/ adrenaline

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22
Q

What receptors do acetylcholine act on? And what are the two sub-divisions?

A

CHOLINERGIC receptors

Can be nicotinic(iontropic) or muscarinic (metabotropic).

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23
Q

What receptors do noradrenaline/ adrenaline act on and what are the two sub-divisions of them?

A

Adrenergic, can be alpha or beta.

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24
Q

What neurotransmitters do the PRE-ganglionic neurones of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?

A

Release acetylcholine
And
Bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
(Same as NMJ, but can be differentiated)

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25
Q

What neurotransmitters do the POST-ganglionic neurones of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?

A

Releases noradrenaline/ adrenaline

Beta or alpha receptors

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26
Q

What is different about the adrenal medulla?

A

It has NO POST-GANGLIONIC axons.

Noradrenaline released into BLOOD - finds alpha or beta receptors.

27
Q

What neurotransmitters do the PRE-ganglionic neurones of the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?

A

Same as sympathetic: acetyl-choline
and
nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

28
Q

What neurotransmitters do the POST-ganglionic neurones of the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?

A

Acetyl choline
And
MUSCARINIC receptors

29
Q

When are muscarinic receptors used?

A

The post-ganglions of the para-sympathetic nervous system.

30
Q

What is a potential complication/exception with post ganglionic fibres of sympathetic nervous system?

A

Innervate sweat glands.

Release Ach, muscarinic instead of normal noradrenaline/alpha/beta.

31
Q

What are NANC transmitters?

A

Non- adrenergic, non-cholinergic receptors.
(could be peptides)
E.g of complication/exception.

32
Q

When is Gut enzyme-secretion activity increased?

A

Rest&digest mode- parasympathetic.

33
Q

When do eyes focus further away?

A

Fight&flight, sympathetic mode.

34
Q

When does your mouth dry?

A

Fight & flight mode - sympathetic.

35
Q

When do you drool?

A

Rest&digest mode - parasympathetic.

36
Q

When does blood go to muscle?

A

Fight &flight mode - sympathetic.

37
Q

When does blood go to gut?

A

Rest&digest mode - parasympathetic

38
Q

When do your airways constrict?

A

Rest &digest - parasympathetic

39
Q

When do your airways dilate?

A

Fight&flight mode - sympathetic.

40
Q

THE EYE:

Which muscles, which neurotransmitters, which receptors.

A

Sympathetic: Dilates, radial muscle contracts.
Noradrenaline/adrenaline released. Alpha 1 receptors.

Parasympathetic: Restricts, spchinter muscle contracts, Ach released, muscarinic receptors.

41
Q

What receptor is acted on when the EYE DILATES (sympathetic)

A

ALpha 1 (constricts smooth muscles)

42
Q

What do Beta 2 receptors do?

A

RELAX smooth muscle.

43
Q

What muscle of the EYE controls its focus?

A

Cillary muscle.

44
Q

Sympathetic, focusing far away, EYE?

A

Noradrenaline released, B2 (relaxes muscle) receptor.

45
Q

Parasympathetic, focusing close up, EYE?

A

Ach released, muscarinic receptor.

46
Q

What are usually the receptors used regarding cardiac muscle?

A

B1 receptors.

47
Q

What effect does parasympathetic nervous system have on strong ness/weakness of heart?

A

Very little.

48
Q

What are the therapeutic advantages of B1 and B2 receptors?

A

B2 - relaxes smooth muscle.
B1 - to do with cardiac muscle.

Using B2 agonist, you know that it can dilate airways, but not affect the heartrate.
B1 antagonist, vice versa.

49
Q

What happens to blood vessels during fight and flight?

A

Both constrict AND dilate (blood moving from different places in the body.
Alpha 1 to constrict, and Beta 2 to dilate.

50
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on blood vessels?

A

NONE. Not innervate. (Single innervation)

51
Q

What is tonic activity?

A

On-going activity. Needs to be turned down/ up to achieve desired effect in cases of single-innervation.

52
Q

When is tonic activity especially important?

A

In cases of single innervation.

E.g: parasympathetic nervous system and blood vessels.

53
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on energy stores?

A

NONE, example of single innervation.

54
Q

When does the parasympathetic system have no effect?

A

Blood vessels,

Energy stores.

55
Q

What things are activation in the control of the gut?

A

Smooth muscle contraction/ relaxation.

Pancreas enzyme excretion increase/decrease.

56
Q

How many parts of the bladder are controlled by nervous system and what are they?

A

2
Smooth muscle surrounding bladder
Sphincter muscle at bottom (allows passage of urine)

57
Q

What happens with sympathetic nervous system with bladder?

A

Smooth muscle relaxed, uses B2 receptors

Sphincter muscle contracted, using alpha 1 receptors.

58
Q

What happens with parasympathetic nervous system with bladder?

A

Surrounding smooth muscle contracts, using muscarinic receptors
Sphincter muscle relaxes, allowing release of urine, also using muscarinic receptors.
(You get different types of muscarinic receptors)

59
Q

What happens to reproductive tract with sympathetic nervous system?

A

Smooth muscle contracts; ejaculation.

60
Q

What happens to reproductive tract with parasympathetic system?

A

Smooth muscle relaxes; causes erection.

61
Q

What effects can dual-innervation have?

A

Antagonistic or complementary.

62
Q

What leads to the need of tone control?

A

Single innervation.

63
Q

Are receptor subtypes important?

A

YES.

Science For Medicine Jess (28 decks)

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