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Science For Medicine Jess > Foundations In Immunology > Flashcards

Foundations In Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What can the immune system cause problems with?

A

Allergies, asthma (adaptive immune),
arthritis, MS(autoimmune disorder)
HIV (immunodeficiency)
Cancer

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2
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Attacking won cells

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3
Q

What is a pathogen? Give examples.

A

Any microorganism that causes harm (virus, Protozoa, bacteria, fungi, parasite)

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4
Q

What are T cells?

A

Cells that can recognise whether they are your own or foreign.

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5
Q

What is the 1st line of defence?

A

Skin, Mucosal barrier (reproductive, respiratory and digestive tracts)

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6
Q

What are the two types of immune system?

A

INNATE and ADAPTIVE.

Innate - BASIC, available in all cavities. Non-specific, 1st go- to for help. No ‘memory’.

Adaptive - highly specific, has ‘memory’, produces antibodies. B cell,T cell, antibodies.

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7
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Involved in Innate immunity. Do not carry out phagocytosis.

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8
Q

Do innate and adaptive immune responses collaborate?

A

Yes, they work together.Activated T cells go from adaptive to innate system to help.

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9
Q

What do macrophages do? What are they?

A

Give off chemicals that restrict blood flow away from injury site. Causes swelling/inflammation.
Signals for the need of phagocytosis.
Comes from bone marrow.
A monocyte. Change names depending on where it is.

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10
Q

What cells come from lymphoid stem cells?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Killer Cells

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11
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

Most abundant White /blood cell. Phagocytosis.

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12
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Innate immune cell type.
Found in blood and spleen.
Can kill tumour cells, virus infected cells, bacteria, parasites and fungi.

Can bore holes (pores)in target cells (cell dies).
Or
Can secrete enzymes into cell. (Causing suicide)

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13
Q

What is the complement system? A summary?

A

Composed of over 20 different proteins.
Bridges a gap between adaptation and innate immunity systems. MAinly for innate.

3 activation pathways.
When activated, creates hole on membrane cell wall (when C5b formed)

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14
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

A

Alternative pathway

Classical pathway

Lectin pathway

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15
Q

What is MAC?

A

Membrane Attack Complex

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16
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Covering up (of pathogen)

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17
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemicals used by cells to communicate with other cells.
Help macrophage and Natural Killer cell to keep killing without Adaptive system.

Autocrine - same cell
Paracrine- nearby cell
Endocrine - distant cell (circulates to find)

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18
Q

What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?

A

Cell mediated and humoral/antibody immunity

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19
Q

What do the B and T lymphocytes work together to do?

A

Recognise specific antigen.

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20
Q

T cells need MHC to be presented with antigen

But B cells…

A

Do not need this (can recognise without).

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21
Q

Passive immunity - someone else has made, injecting serum of pre-made antibodies, recovers, no memory

Active immunity - injecting diluted antigen, recovers by itself, memory achieved.

A

Iehgwohwg

22
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

23
Q

On what molecules are variable and constant regions found?

A

Antibodies - variable regions (top part)- attach different antigens.

24
Q

How many classes of antibodies are there?

A

Five:
IgG - main IMPORTANT , activation of complement system.
IgA - mucosal protection, secreted in breast milk.
IgM - complement activation
IgD - function not known
IgE - asthma, defends against parasites, ALLERGY

25
Q

What does opsonisation mean?

A

‘Tagging’ putting antibodies around a pathogen - shows its bad

26
Q

The B cells can be triggered by:

A

T cell

Or antigen

27
Q

What is the journey of a B cell?

A

B cell journey

Activation - proliferation - plasma cell or memory B cell.

Plasma cell makes antibodies

28
Q

How does the T cell communicate to B cell to make antibodies?

A

2 molecules join

T cell releases cytokines into B cell?

29
Q

What is a lymphocyte and what are the three types of cells?

A

White blood cells

Natural killer cells

T-cells

B-cells

30
Q

What is the acronym for cells in the innate system?

A

NEB

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

31
Q

What is the main type of cell in adaptive immunity?

A

T cell

32
Q

What cells are mainly part of the adaptive immune system?

A

T cells
CD8
And
CD4

33
Q

What are TCRS?

A

T cell receptors

34
Q

Which antigen produced by TCR is found on CD4 T cell?

A

MHC(11)

T-helper

35
Q

Which antigen produced by the TCR is found on the CD8 T cell?

A

MHC(1)

Cytotoxic

36
Q

What does the T helper cell do?

A

Helps B cells by telling them to produce antibodies, which neutralise antigens.

37
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Blood protein
Y shaped
Also known as immunoglobulin (iG)
Neutralises antigens

38
Q

What are cytotoxic cells and what do they do?

A

They are CD8 T cells and they attack and kill target cell.

39
Q

What is a TCR and what does it do regarding t helper cell?

A

T cell receptor
Eyes and ears
Produces antigen (MHC(2))

40
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

In innate system (fast, no memory)

Goes about (surveillance) checking that everything is fine.
(Searches for display of MHC(1) as everything normally expresses that.
Need to interact with MHC (1) to ‘not kill’
If no MHC(1), NKC kills ((performing and granzyme)

41
Q

When do natural killer cells ‘kill’?

A

When there is no MHC(1) present on the organ.

42
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid organs?

A

Primary (bone marrow and thymus)

Secondary (spleen and lymph nodes)

43
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

A primary lymphoid organ

Produces: T cells, B cells, NK cells, RBCs

44
Q

What is the thymus?

A

Primary lymphoid organ
Found in neck
Dissolves over time (explains bad immune system of elderly people
Site of t-cell maturation
(Positive and negative selection - CD8 or CD4)

45
Q

What are the two secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen

Lymph nodes (e.g tonsils)

46
Q

What is the spleen?

A

Left, back, above stomach
Filters blood
White pulp ( inside circle)
Red pulp (outer circle)

47
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Organ of lymphatic system

Area for B cells and T cells to communicate

48
Q

What do antibodies do when produced and what cell produces them?

A

Plasma cells
Go into bloodstream looking for specific antigen
Make it easier for phagocytes to kill pathogen

49
Q

What are phagocytes?

A 
White blood cells specifically designed to consume bacteria/ other pathogens
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Mast cells 
Monocytes 
Dendritic cells
50
Q

How many pathways are there in the complement pathway and what are they?

A

Classical
Alternative
Lyctic

51
Q

What are cytokines, what are their functions and what produces them?

A

Chemical mediators,
Drive t-cells to their differentiated types
produced by helper t-cells

52
Q

What are the main differentiated types of t-cells?

A

TH1 - respond to INTRAcellular pathogens

TH2 - respond to EXTRAcellular pathogens

TH17 - have a big autoimmunity role

TfH - help B-cells to produce antibodies

Science For Medicine Jess (28 decks)

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