Chapter 12

Question 1

Name the 12 cranial nerves OOOTTAFVGVAH

Answer 1

Olfactory

Optic

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Abducens

Facial

Vestibolocochlear

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory

Hypoglossal

Question 2

What are the two types of reflexes and how do you describe each

Answer 2

Inborn-intrinsic. Rapid, predictable motor responses to stimuli

Learned-acquired. Develop from repetition over time

Question 3

What are the five essential components of a reflex

Answer 3

Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration centre
Motor neuron
Effector

Question 4

What are reflexes functionally classified as.

Describe what each does

Answer 4

Somatic activate skeletal muscle

Autonomic (visceral) activate visceral effectors

Question 5

What do visceral effectors include and what is the system known as

Answer 5

Smooth or
Cardiac muscle or glands

Autonomic nervous system

Question 6

What are spinal reflexes

Answer 6

Somatic reflexes controlled by spinal cord without direct involvement of higher brain centres

Question 7

What can the brain do to spinal reflexes

Answer 7

Negotiate (intercede) due to continuous monitoring

Question 8

What may occur if the spinal cord is transected

Answer 8

Spinal shock

Question 9

What tests are used to assess nervous system function

Answer 9

Somatic reflex tests

Question 10

What does dual innervation do

Answer 10

Helps balance sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 11

What keeps the systems of the body functioning normally

Answer 11

Counterbalance of divisions due to dual innervation

Question 12

Divisions of parasympathetic and sympathetic cause what

Answer 12

Opposite effects on same visceral organs

Question 13

What do cooperative dual innervations involve

Answer 13

Fibres of both systems working together

Question 14

What else may dual innervations be

Answer 14

Antagonistic

Complementary

Question 15

In the sympathetic division where do preganglion fibres arise from and what is the other name the division is known as

Answer 15

Cell bodies of preganglion Neurons in spinal cord from level T to L

Thoracolumbar region

Question 16

The many preganglion sympathetic Neurons in spinal cord gray matter form what

Answer 16

Lateral horns

Question 17

Where are lateral horns located

Answer 17

Posterolateral to ventral horns

Question 18

After leaving the spinal cord through the ventral root what then happens

Answer 18

Preganglionic sympathetic fibres pass through a white ramus communicans to enter adjoining sympathetic trunk ganglion that forms part of sympathetic trunk

Question 19

What does the sympathetic trunks consist of

Answer 19

Sympathetic ganglia and fibres that run from one ganglion to another

Question 20

Where do sympathetic fibres arise from

Answer 20

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments

Question 21

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion what can happen

Answer 21

It can either synapse at the same, higher or lower levels.

Or synapse In distant collateral ganglion

Question 22

In the parasympathetic division where do preganglionic fibres emerge from and what else is the parasympathetic region known as

Answer 22

Preganglionic fibres emerge from opp ends of the CNS (brain stem and sacral spinal cord)

Craniosacral division

Question 23

Where do preganglionic axons extend from and to in parasympathetic division

Answer 23

CNS to nearly reach the structures they innervate

Question 24

What do parasympathetic divisions axons do

Answer 24

Synapse with postganglionic Neurons in terminal ganglia

Question 25

Where do short postganglionic axons emerge from where and do what

Answer 25

Terminal ganglia to synapse with nearby effector cells

Question 26

What is the function of the sympathetic division

Answer 26

Mobilises body during activity

Fight or flight

Question 27

What is the role of the parasympathetic division

Answer 27

Promotes maintenance functions and preserves energy

Rest and digest

Question 28

What is the E division known as and why

Answer 28

Sympathetic.

In charge of emergencies, excitement and exercise

Question 29

What is the D division known as and why

Answer 29

Parasympathetic division

In charge of digestion, diuresis, defecation

Question 30

What do the two divisions maintain and why

Answer 30

Dynamic antagonism to balance homeostasis

Question 31

The sympathetic division has what type of fibres

Answer 31

Short pre ganglionic fibres
long postganglionic fibres
opposite of parasympathetic division

Question 32

Describe the function of cranial nerve 2

Answer 32

Sense of vision

Brain tract because it develops as an outgrowth of the brain

Question 33

Describe the function of cranial nerve 3

Answer 33

Motor fibres: raise eyelids via levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Moving eyes
Adjusting amount of entering light
Focusing lenses
Constrict pupil
Controls lens shape
Supplies inferior oblique, superior/inferior and medial rectus muscles that move eyeball in orbit

Sensory fibres: associated with muscle condition

Question 34

What does cranial nerve 9 (IX) do

Answer 34

Motor fibres: transmit impulses to pharynx muscles used in swallowing and salivary gland

Innervate part of the tongue

Sensory fibres: transmit impulses from pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, carotid arteries

Question 35

What does cranial nerve 10 do

Answer 35

Somatic motor fibres: transmit impulses to muscles used for speech, swallowing.

Autonomic motor fibres transmit impulses to heart, smooth muscles, thoracic and abdominal glands

Sensory fibres: transmit impulses from pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, viscera Of thorax and abdomen

Question 36

What do ventral horns contain

Answer 36

Somatic Neurons