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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

describe the structure of the plasmalemma

A

bimolecular layer of amphipathic phospholipid molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

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2
Q

what substances can diffuse across the plasmalemma

A

small, hydrophobic, uncharged molecules

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3
Q

what cannot diffuse across the plasmalemma

A

charged molecules

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4
Q

define inclusions

A

components synthesised by the cell itself

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5
Q

role of the cytoskeleton

A

provide structural support

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6
Q

three classes of filaments in the cytoskeleton

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
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7
Q

describe the structure of microtubules

A

made up of two subunits- alpha and beta tubulin

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8
Q

two proteins involved in microtubules

A

kinesin is an ATPase that moves to the cell periphery

dyne is an ATPase that moves towards the cell centre

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9
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope comprises of an inner and outer membrane with a perinuclear cistern. It contains chromosomes.

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10
Q

two types of DNA in the nucleus

A
  1. euchromatin- dispersed DNA actively undergoing transcription
  2. heterochromatin- condensed DNA not undergoing transcription
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11
Q

structure of a ribosome

A

small subunit (binds RNA) and large subunit (forms peptide bonds)

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12
Q

define polysome

A

cluster of ribosomes held together by RNA. Makes unpackaged proteins.

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13
Q

describe how ER is involved in protein synthesis

A

free ribosomes attach to mRNA. If ER signal peptide is present the growing peptide is inserted into the pore of ER.

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14
Q

functions of SER

A

stores, synthesises proteins and lipids

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15
Q

describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

flattened, membrane-bound cisternae with vesicles.

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16
Q

function of the Golgi apparatus

A

adds sugars and sorts

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17
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

double membrane that is extensively folded to form cristae. It contains its own DNA

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18
Q

function of mitochondria

A

produce ATP

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19
Q

three types of intercellular junctions

A
  1. occluding (tight)
  2. desmosomes (anchoring)
  3. communicating (gap)
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20
Q

function of tight junctions

A

diffusion barrier

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21
Q

function of desmosomes

A

strength

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22
Q

function of gap junctions

A

allows movement between cells

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23
Q

define a junctional complex

A

close association of several types of junctions

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24
Q

three ways material can cross the cell membrane

A
  1. diffusion
  2. transport proteins (pumps/ channels)
  3. vesicular transport (endocytosis and phagocytosis)
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25
Q

describe endocytosis

A

membrane fuses to form an endocytotic vesicle

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26
Q

describe phagocytosis

A

engulfed to form a phagosome, lysosomes release lysozyme to form a phagolysosome.

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27
Q

describe the histological technique for a microscope slide

A
  1. dehydrate tissue
  2. impregnate wax
  3. thin sections cut on a microtome
  4. wax washed out and tissue rehydrated
    there are potential for artefacts
28
Q

the most common combinations of staining dyes are?

A
  1. haematoxylin- basic dye with affinity for acidic molecules (purple)
  2. eosin- acidic dye with affinity for basic molecules (pink/red)
29
Q

four basic tissue types

A
  1. epithelium
  2. connective tissue
  3. nervous tissue
  4. muscle
30
Q

describe the structure of epithelia

A

lines the surfaces of organs. all have a basal lamina where cells attach. non-vascular. apical and basal end

31
Q

functions of epithelia

A

mechanical and chemical barrier, absorption, secretion, containment and locomotion

32
Q

four ways epithelia can be classified

A
  1. cell shape
  2. layers
  3. cell surface
  4. presence of specialised cells
33
Q

describe the different cell shapes of epithelia

A
  • squamous (flattened)
  • cuboidal (cube-shaped)
  • columnar
34
Q

describe the different layers epithelia can have

A
  • simple (one layer)
  • stratified (2 or more)
  • pseudo stratified (multiple that are all attached to the basal lamina)
35
Q

describe the different cell surfaces epithelia can have

A
  1. microvilli
  2. cilia
  3. presence of keratin proteins
36
Q

which two types of glands does the glandular epithelium use for secretion

A
  • endocrine

- exocrine

37
Q

three categories of connective tissue

A
  1. soft
  2. hard
  3. blood and lymph
38
Q

describe the structure of connective tissue

A

consists of an extracellular matrix (fibres, ground substance, tissue fluid) and cells (fibroblasts, adipose, osteocytes and chondrocytes)

39
Q

two types of soft CT

A
  • loose

- dense

40
Q

three types of hard CT

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
41
Q

three types of muscle cells

A
  1. smooth
  2. cardiac
  3. skeletal
42
Q

structure of smooth muscle

A

smooth, no striations

43
Q

structure of cardiac muscle

A

involuntary with striations and intercalated discs

44
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A

striations and sacrolemmas

45
Q

structure of nervous tissue

A

neurones and support cells (glia)

46
Q

lining of neurones in CNS

A

meninges

47
Q

lining of neurones in PNS

A

epineurium

48
Q

three types of neurons

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • pseudo unipolar
49
Q

glia of the CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodenrocytes and microglia

50
Q

glia of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

51
Q

three basic layers in blood vessels

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
52
Q

what is the tunica intima made up of

A

squamous epithelium and thin layer of connective tissue

53
Q

what is the tunica media made up of

A

smooth muscle

54
Q

what is the tunica adventitia made up of

A

connective tissue

55
Q

difference in large arteries tunica media

A

smooth muscle is partially replaced with elastic fibres called elastic arteries for elastic recoil

56
Q

structure of arterioles

A

one or two layers of smooth muscle and almost no adventitia

57
Q

structure of capillaries

A

endothelial cells and a basal lamina

58
Q

three types of capillaries

A
  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. discontinuous
59
Q

structure of venules

A

thin layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle and endothelial cell lined

60
Q

structure of veins

A

obvious tunica adventitia and valves

61
Q

define serum

A

blood without clotting factors

62
Q

three types of formed elements in the blood

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. leukocytes
  3. platelets
63
Q

define hemopoiesis

A

production of blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow

64
Q

structure of a multipolar neuron

A

many dendrites, one axon

65
Q

structure of a bipolar neuron

A

one dendrite, one axon

66
Q

structure of a pseudo unipolar neuron

A

axon in both directions

Principles (11 decks)

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