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BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy > The heart > Flashcards

The heart Flashcards

1
Q

What valve is the tricuspid valve?

A

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle

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2
Q

Describe the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

A
  • Pulmonary valve

- Has 3 semilunar cusps

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3
Q

Describe the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

A
  • Mitral valve

- Bicuspid

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4
Q

Describe, in full, the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

A
  • Aortic valve
  • 3 semilunar cusps
  • Guards the aortic orifice
  • Aortic sinues directly above
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5
Q

What are the aortic sinuses and what is the importance to coronary arteries?

A
  • Anatomical dilations of the aorta (pockets)
  • Each sinus is one valve of the aortic valve
  • The origin of the left and right coronary artery start in one of the sinus
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6
Q

What are the 3 branches from the aortic arch? (right to left)

A

1) Brachiocephalic artery
2) Left common carotid artery
3) Left subclavian artery

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7
Q

What are the 2 branches from the brachiocephalic artery? (right to left)

A

1) Right subclavian

2) Right common carotid artery

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8
Q

From the heart, what are the branches of the superior vena cava?

A

Right and left brachiocephalic vein

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9
Q

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic veins?

A

1) Subclavian vein (most laterally)

2) Internal jugular vein (more medially)

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10
Q

What 4 things drain into the right atrium?

A

1) Inferior vena cava
2) Superior vena cava
3) Coronary sinus
4) Anterior cardiac vein

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11
Q

What does the anterior cardiac vein do?

A

Collect blood from the right ventricle and drain into the right atrium

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12
Q

Where does the coronary sinus receive blood from?

A
  • Great cardiac vein
  • Middle cardiac vein
  • Small cardiac vein
  • Oblique vein
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13
Q

What does the coronary sinus do and where is it seen?

A

Collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle itself and delivers it to the right atrium

  • Mainly seen on the posterior of the heart, in the coronary sulcus
  • Just to the left of the vena cava
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14
Q

What does the pericardium contain?

A
  • Heart and its great vessels

- Pericardial fluid

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15
Q

Function of the pericardium?

A

To lubricate the moving surfaces of the heart

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16
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

The remnants of the foetal ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the proximal descending aorta - to bypass the foetal non-functioning lungs

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17
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Give blood supply to the heart

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18
Q

Where are the coronary arteries hidden?

A

Under auricular appendages

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19
Q

Where do the main branches of the coronary arteries lie?

A

In the inter-ventricular (anterior - left and posterior- right) and atrioventricular grooves

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20
Q

Describe the pathway of the right coronary artery

  • Pathway
  • Branches
  • Largest branch and pathway
A
  • Directed to the right and passes to the posterior part of the heart within the CORONARY SULCUS
  • Sends branches along its path
  • The largest branch is the posterior inter-ventricular artery, which courses towards the apex or the heart
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21
Q

What is the coronary sulcus and what does it contain?

A

Separates the atria from the ventricles

Contains:

  • Right coronary artery
  • Coronary sinus
  • Small cardiac vein
  • Circumflex artery
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22
Q

Describe the pathway of the left coronary artery

  • Pathway
  • Branches
  • Largest branch and pathway
A

Directed to the left and then divides into 2:

1) An anterior interventricular branch - descends towards the apex
2) A circumflex branch - passes posteriorly to the back of the heart

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23
Q

What are the auricles of the heart and what are their function?

A
  • Attached to each of the anterior surfaces of the outside of the atria
  • Appendages
  • Function is to increase the capacity of the atria
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24
Q

What does the inside of the atria look like?

A
  • Smooth area

- Auricle is marked by muscle ridges - pectinate muscles

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25
Q

What are the pectinate muscles?

A

Parallel muscle ridges on the inside of the auricle in the artia

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26
Q

What is the full structure of the tricuspid valve?

  • Cups
  • How attached to the heart wall
A

3 cusps:

  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Septal
  • Attached to the wall by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
27
Q

Which ventricle is the the thickest?

A

Left ventricle

28
Q

What are trabeculae carneae?

A

Irregular muscle elevations, marking the inner inflow tract pathway

Found in the ventricles

29
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Muscles in the ventricle which project into the lumen of the ventricle and attach to the valve by chordae tendinaea

30
Q

Which atria has thicker walls and is smaller?

A

The left atria

31
Q

What opens into the left atrium?

A

4 pulmonary veins, bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs

32
Q

How is the mediastinum divided?

A

By a theoretical horizontal line from the sternal angle to the lower border of T4
- Divides it into the superior and inferior

Inferior divided further into:

  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
33
Q

What mediastinum is the aortic arch contained within?

A

Superior mediastinum

34
Q

At what level does the aorta give off its 3 main branches?

A

T4

35
Q

What is in the middle mediastinum?

A

The pericardium
Heart
Great vessels

36
Q

Where does the posterior mediastinum start and end?

A

T5- T12

37
Q

What does the posterior mediastinum contain?

A

The descending aorta

38
Q

What is the base of the pericardium fused with?

A

The central tendon of the diaphragm

39
Q

What is the structure of the pericardium?

A

2 layers:

1) Fibrous
- Dense connective tissue

2) Serous layer:
- Visceral layer (epicardium)
- Parietal layer

40
Q

What happens to the heart when it develops?

A

It invaginates into the serous sac, forming a visceral and a parietal layer

41
Q

What do the common carotid arteries divide into?

A

Internal and external carotid arteries

42
Q

How is the pericardium attached to the sternum?

A

Via the sternopericardial ligament

43
Q

Where does the diaphragm hang down to?

  • Posteriorly
  • Anteriorly
  • In the middle
A

T12 posteriorly
T10 anteriorly
T8 in the middle

44
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava enter the diaphragm?

A

T8

45
Q

Where does the oesophagus enter the diaphragm?

A

T10

46
Q

Where does the aorta enter the diaphragm?

A

T12

enters behind the diaphragm, doesn’t pierce

47
Q

What are the surface projections of the heart? (right to left, top to bottom)

A

3rd costal cartilage
2nd costal cartilage
6th costal cartilage
5th intercostal space

48
Q

Which side of the liver is higher than the other?

A

Right side

49
Q

Where does the sinoatrial node receive its nerve impulse from?

A

The Vagus nerve, just to the right of the opening of the superior vena cava

50
Q

What is modified cardiac muscle?

A
  • Conduts nerve impuse from the SA to the AV node

And then through the bundle of His

51
Q

Where does the electrical impulse of the heart travel once it has travelled down the bundle of His?

A

Into the right and left branches which run immediately beneath the endocardium

52
Q

Where does the AV node lie?

A

In the atrial septum, above the opening for the coronary sinus

53
Q

Describe the circulation in the fetus

A
  • Deoxygenated blood to the placenta by UMBILICAL ARTERIES
  • Blood is nourished and oxygenated at the placenta, leaves placenta via the UMBILICAL VEIN
  • Much of the oxygenated blood bypasses the liver through the DUCTUS VENOSUS - to the inferior vana cava
  • Blood enters the right atrium

Right atrial blood bypasses the lungs by 2 routes:

1) Across to the LEFT ARTIUM via the FORAMEN OVALE
2) To the right ventricle, out the pulmonary artery and through the DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS to reach the aorta

54
Q

What happens to the circulation at birth and why?

A
  • Expansion of the lungs leads to increased blood flow in the pulmonary arteries
  • Causes a pressure change in the artia
  • Closes the foramen ovale
  • Functional closure of the ductus arteriosis, due to contraction of the muscular wall
55
Q

What does the foramen ovale become at birth?

A

The fossa ovalis

56
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become at birth?

A

The ligamentum ateriosus

57
Q

What do the umbillical ARTERIES become at birth?

A

They become fibrosed to form the MEDIAL UMBILICAL LIGAMENTS

58
Q

What do the umbillical VEINS become at birth?

A

Become fibrosed to form the LIGAMENTUM TERES

59
Q

What does the ductus venous become at birth?

A

Forms the LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM

60
Q

What proportion of people have a balanced distribution of left and right coronary arteries?

A

70%

61
Q

What determines the dominance of the coronary arteries?

A
  • Which arteries contribute to the posterior descending artery
  • Which artery supplies the AV node
62
Q

What proportion of people have a dominance of left coronary arteries?

A

10-15%

63
Q

What proportion of people have a dominance of right coronary arteries?

A

15-20%

BMS 228 - Introduction to human anatomy (13 decks)

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