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Principles of disease Jess > Intro To Viruses > Flashcards

Intro To Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virus?

A

A non-cellular genetic element that cannot replacing independently of the host

Most viruses have a specific host-range

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2
Q

What are the defining chaRACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES?

A

VIRION SHAPE/SYMMETRY

Presence/absence of ‘envelope’

Genome structure

Mode of replication

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3
Q

Examples of blood-bourne viruses

A

HIV
Hep B
Hep C

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4
Q

Examples of sexually transmitted viruses

A

HIV

Hep B

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5
Q

Examples of faecal-orally transmitted viruses?

A

Hep A Hep E

Polio

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6
Q

Examples of Droplet transmitted viruses

A

Influenza

RSV

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7
Q

What is RSV?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

Causes respiratory tract infections

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8
Q

Examples of airborne viruses?

A

Measles

Chickenpox

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9
Q

Examples of close contact viruses?

A

Herpes

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10
Q

Examples of vector borne viruses?

A

Dengue
Yellow fever
Chikungunya

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11
Q

Examples of zoonotic viruses

A

Rabies
MERS
Ebola

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12
Q

Describe structure of virus

A

Nuclei acid with associated polymerase

Encased in protein capsid, encased by lipid envelope, with spike projections.

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13
Q

How does a virus replicate?

A

Attaches self to host cell and injects genetic material
Budding and release
Maturation
Attachment

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14
Q

Host range?

A

Some viruses only infect humans (small pox, measles)

Some also infect animals
- co-infection of of human and animal/bird strain in one organism can lead to generation of a new strain

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15
Q

What can lead to the generation of a new strain?

A

Co infection of human and animal/bird strains in same organism.

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16
Q

Consequences of viral infection?

A

Clearance - Hep C (no lasting immunity)
Measles (long term immunity

Chronic infection

LAtent infection

Transformation (long-term with altered cellular gene expression)

17
Q

What is viral latency

A

Following primary infection, viruses lie dormant.

Genome retained in host cell, but expression restricted, few viral antigens produces.

Reactivation is more likely to occur and is more severe in immunocompromised patients.

18
Q

What is more likely to occur in immunocompromised patients?

A

Reactivation (viral latency

19
Q

What is the link of cancer and viruses?

A

Number of infections can lead to cancer

Mechanisms altered:

Modulation of cell cycle (proliferates cell proliferation)

Modulation of apoptosis /9prevention of programmed cell death)

Oxygen species mediate damage

20
Q

What are virustatic antiviral agents?

A

Stop replication but do not KILL virus

21
Q

What does virustatic mean?

A

Stops virus replicating but does not kill virus

22
Q

What does virucidal mean?

A

Kills the virus

23
Q

Anti viral therapy

A

Side effects common (toxicity to host cell)

Only used in minority of viral infections

24
Q

What is prophaxis?

A

Prevents infection

25
Q

What’s pre-emptive therapy?

A

When evidence of infection/replication is detected, but symptoms are not yet apparent.

26
Q

What is suppressive therapy?

A

Keeps viral replication below rate that causes tissue damage in asymptomatic but infected patient.

27
Q

What are ways of preventing viruses?

A

Immunisation (vaccination, or passive immunisation with immunoglobulin)

Prophylactic treatment post exposure (prevents infection)

Infection prevention/ control measure - e.g isolation of patient, personal protective equipment, disposal of sharp objects.

28
Q

What is antenatal screening?

A

Screening during pregnancy

29
Q

What are infection prevention examples?

A

Isolation of symptomatic patients,
Personal protective equipment
Disposal of sharp objects

30
Q

What kind of screening is used in viruses?

A

Blood
Tissue
Organ screening

Antenatal screening

31
Q

What characteristics of viruses mean that they could potentially be eradicated?

A

No animal reservoir/ ability to amplify in environment.

Clearly identifiable/ diagnosed

No chronic carrier state
Efficient and practical intervention (vaccination)

Political/social support

32
Q

What is a virus that has been eradicated?

A

Smallpox

33
Q

Next virus to be eradicated?

A

Polio

Principles of disease Jess (36 decks)

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