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Moore--Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, and Mitosis/Cytokenisis

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2
Q

What does interphase and mitosis/cytokenisis include?

A

G1 phase, Sphase, G2 phase, and in mitosis prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and then cytokenisis.

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3
Q

How are new cells produced?

A

By the division of existing cells

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4
Q

What is the longest phase of the cell cylce?

A

Interphase

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5
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

The cell is very active. It carries out many biochemical/metabolic reactions including protein synthesis, DNA replication, and an increase in the number of mito. and choloro. The cell grows in size.

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6
Q

During interphase of plants and animals, is there an increase of mitochondria and or chlorplasts?

A

YES, repsectively

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7
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

Growth, DNA transcription, protein synthesis/creation, organelles mature. Also, chromatiN form!

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8
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

In Synthesis, all DNA in the nucleus is replicated.

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9
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

The cell prepares for division.

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process by which the nucleus divides to form two genetically identical nuclei.

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11
Q

What is cytokenisis?

A

The process of dividing the cytoplasm to form two cells.

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12
Q

When do the two new cells begin interphase?

A

When mitosis and cytokenisis have been completed.

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13
Q

What does a cell look like during interphase?

A

Unbound DNA (chromatiN) in nucleus. Can sometimes see nucleolus (dark spots), as well as the nuclear envelope (a circle).

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14
Q

What does a cell look like during early prophase?

A

Spindle microtubules growing, and within the nucleus the chromosomes are becoming shorter and fater by supercoiling.

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15
Q

What does a cell look like during late prophase?

A

Chromosomes are formed, spindle fibers are expanded, the nuclear envelope begins to dissapear.

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16
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes formed with two identical chromatiDs (formed by DNA replication in interphase). Spindle microtubules extend from each pole to the equator.

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17
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

The nuclear membrane is broken down, chromosomes move to the equator via spindle fibers attached to the centromere. (2 spindle microtubules to each centromere from opposite sides).

18
Q

What does a cell look like during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibers are reaching them.

19
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

ChromatiD split, where the centromeres have divided and the chromatids have become chromosomes. Also the spindle fibers bell the genetically identical chromosomes to opposite poles.

20
Q

What does a cell look like during anaphase?

A

There’s a space between the chromatids as the spindle fibers are pulling them appart.

21
Q

What happens during early telophase?

A

All chromosomes have reached the poles and nuclear envelopes form around them. The spindle fibers break down.

22
Q

What does a cell look like during early telophase?

A

The cell is pulling apart and the chromosomes have reached the poles with a nuclear envelope beginning to form aroudn them.

23
Q

What happens during late telophase?

A

The chromosomes uncoil (become chromatin) and the cell divides (cytokenisis) to form two cells with genetically identical nuclei.

24
Q

What does a cell look like during late telophase?

A

A cell wall has formed and the chromosomes uncoil.

25
Q

When are the centromeres broken apart and divided?

A

Anaphase

26
Q

When do mitochondria and chloroplasts develop?

A

G1 phase

27
Q

What is 10% of the cell’s life cycle?

A

Mitosis AND Cytokenisis

28
Q

When is the cell plate COMPLETELY formed?

A

Cytokenisis.

29
Q

What is the difference between chromatin, chromatid, and chromosomes?

A

Chromatin is unbound DNA; it FORMS chromatids, which FORM chromosomes.
Chromatid is one leg of a chromosome.

30
Q

What is the supercoiling of chromosomes?

A

The chromosomes become shorter and fatter by supercoiling. AKA, chromosomes are formed from chromatin and chromatids.

31
Q

When do spindle microtubules attach to centromeres?

A

during metaphase. They stay connected until early telophase.

32
Q

When do centromeres split and sister chromosomes move to opposite poles?

A

During anaphase

33
Q

When do the nuclear membrames break and reform?

A

Break: by metaphase. Reform: early telophase.

34
Q

What is a sister chromatid?

A

The two DNA molecules formed by DNA replication (until the splitting of the centromere).

35
Q

When is a chromosome official?

A

After the splitting of the centromere at the start of anaphase.

36
Q

What is the use of mitosis?

A

For anything that needs genetically identical cells: growth, embryonic development, to repair tissues, to reproduce asexually.

37
Q

What is embryonic development?

A

When the zygote devides repeatedly to produce many smaller cells.

38
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The large cell produced by fertilization.

39
Q

What are tumors the result of?

A

Uncontrolled cell division (mitosis), due to a change in the genes of the cell.

40
Q

What does a tumor do?

A

It repeats a change in gene, and divides unctontrollably. It can happen in any tissue and in any organ. It can spread to other parts of the body.

41
Q

How does a tumor become cancer?

A

The growth of a tumor causes diseases which are called cancer.

42
Q

During which stages of the cell cycle does a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids?

A

From the end of S phase in interphase through the end of metaphase in mitosis.

Moore--Biology (16 decks)

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